Chapter 6 Key Terms

Question 1

thin layer of cartilage covering an epiphysis; reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber

Answer 1

articular cartilage

Question 2

where two bone surfaces meet

Answer 2

articulation

Question 3

hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Answer 3

bone

Question 4

(singular = canaliculus) channels within the bone matrix that house one of an osteocyte’s many cytoplasmic extensions that it uses to communicate and receive nutrients

Answer 4

canaliculi

Question 5

semi-rigid connective tissue found on the skeleton in areas where flexibility and smooth surfaces support movement

Answer 5

cartilage

Question 6

longitudinal channel in the center of each osteon; contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels; also known as the Haversian canal

Answer 6

central canal

Question 7

manual manipulation of a broken bone to set it into its natural position without surgery

Answer 7

closed reduction

Question 8

dense osseous tissue that can withstand compressive forces

Answer 8

compact bone

Question 9

tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of a long bone

Answer 9

diaphysis

Question 10

layer of spongy bone, that is sandwiched between two the layers of compact bone found in flat bones

Answer 10

diploë

Question 11

process in which bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

Answer 11

endochondral ossification

Question 12

delicate membranous lining of a bone’s medullary cavity

Answer 12

endosteum

Question 13

completely ossified remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 13

epiphyseal line

Question 14

(also, growth plate) sheet of hyaline cartilage in the metaphysis of an immature bone; replaced by bone tissue as the organ grows in length

Answer 14

epiphyseal plate

Question 15

wide section at each end of a long bone; filled with spongy bone and red marrow

Answer 15

epiphysis

Question 16

collar of hyaline cartilage and bone that forms around the outside of a fracture

Answer 16

external callus

Question 17

thin and curved bone; serves as a point of attachment for muscles and protects internal organs

Answer 17

flat bone

Question 18

broken bone

Answer 18

fracture

Question 19

blood clot that forms at the site of a broken bone

Answer 19

fracture hematoma

Question 20

production of blood cells, which occurs in the red marrow of the bones

Answer 20

hematopoiesis

Question 21

opening or depression in a bone

Answer 21

hole

Question 22

opening or depression in a bone

Answer 22

hole

Question 23

condition characterized by abnormally high levels of calcium

Answer 23

hypercalcemia

Question 24

condition characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium

Answer 24

hypocalcemia

Question 25

fibrocartilaginous matrix, in the endosteal region, between the two ends of a broken bone

Answer 25

internal callus

Question 26

process by which bone forms directly from mesenchymal tissue

Answer 26

intramembranous ossification

Question 27

bone of complex shape; protects internal organs from compressive forces

Answer 27

irregular bone

Question 28

(singular = lacuna) spaces in a bone that house an osteocyte

Answer 28

lacunae

Question 29

cylinder-shaped bone that is longer than it is wide; functions as a lever

Answer 29

long bone

Question 30

hollow region of the diaphysis; filled with yellow marrow

Answer 30

medullary cavity

Question 31

process, during bone growth, by which bone is resorbed on one surface of a bone and deposited on another

Answer 31

modeling

Question 32

small opening in the middle of the external surface of the diaphysis, through which an artery enters the bone to provide nourishment

Answer 32

nutrient foramen

Question 33

surgical exposure of a bone to reset a fracture

Answer 33

open reduction

Question 34

doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders and injuries

Answer 34

orthopedist

Question 35

bone tissue; a hard, dense connective tissue that forms the structural elements of the skeleton

Answer 35

osseous tissue

Question 36

(also, osteogenesis) bone formation

Answer 36

ossification

Question 37

cluster of osteoblasts found in the early stages of intramembranous ossification

Answer 37

ossification center

Question 38

cell responsible for forming new bone

Answer 38

osteoblast

Question 39

cell responsible for resorbing bone

Answer 39

osteoclast

Question 40

primary cell in mature bone; responsible for maintaining the matrix

Answer 40

osteocyte

Question 41

undifferentiated cell with high mitotic activity; the only bone cells that divide; they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts

Answer 41

osteogenic cell

Question 42

uncalcified bone matrix secreted by osteoblasts

Answer 42

osteoid

Question 43

(also, Haversian system) basic structural unit of compact bone; made of concentric layers of calcified matrix

Answer 43

osteon

Question 44

disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass; occurs when the rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation, a common occurrence as the body ages

Answer 44

osteoporosis

Question 45

(also, Volkmann’s canal) channel that branches off from the central canal and houses vessels and nerves that extend to the periosteum and endosteum

Answer 45

perforating canal

Question 46

membrane that covers cartilage

Answer 46

perichondrium

Question 47

fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone and continuous with ligaments

Answer 47

periosteum

Question 48

region, deep in the periosteal collar, where bone development starts during endochondral ossification

Answer 48

primary ossification center

Question 49

bone markings where part of the surface sticks out above the rest of the surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

Answer 49

projection

Question 50

region of the epiphyseal plate that makes new chondrocytes to replace those that die at the diaphyseal end of the plate and contributes to longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 50

proliferative zone

Question 51

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where hematopoiesis takes place

Answer 51

red marrow

Question 52

process by which osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone at the same time as and on the same surface where osteoblasts form new bone to replace that which is resorbed

Answer 52

remodeling

Question 53

region of the epiphyseal plate that anchors the plate to the osseous tissue of the epiphysis

Answer 53

reserve zone

Question 54

region of bone development in the epiphyses

Answer 54

secondary ossification center

Question 55

small, round bone embedded in a tendon; protects the tendon from compressive forces

Answer 55

sesamoid bone

Question 56

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness; provides limited motion

Answer 56

short bone

Question 57

organ system composed of bones and cartilage that provides for movement, support, and protection

Answer 57

skeletal system

Question 58

(also, cancellous bone) trabeculated osseous tissue that supports shifts in weight distribution

Answer 58

spongy bone

Question 59

(singular = trabecula) spikes or sections of the lattice-like matrix in spongy bone

Answer 59

trabeculae

Question 60

connective tissue in the interior cavity of a bone where fat is stored

Answer 60

yellow marrow

Question 61

region of the epiphyseal plate closest to the diaphyseal end; functions to connect the epiphyseal plate to the diaphysis

Answer 61

zone of calcified matrix

Question 62

region of the epiphyseal plate where chondrocytes from the proliferative zone grow and mature and contribute to the longitudinal growth of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 62

zone of maturation and hypertrophy