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BIOL 2113 > Chapter 3 Key Terms > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

form of transport across the cell membrane that requires input of cellular energy

A

active transport

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2
Q

describes a molecule that exhibits a difference in polarity between its two ends, resulting in a difference in water solubility

A

amphipathic

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3
Q

third stage of mitosis (and meiosis), during which sister chromatids separate into two new nuclear regions of a dividing cell

A

anaphase

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4
Q

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

A

anticodon

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5
Q

breakdown of cells by their own enzymatic action

A

autolysis

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6
Q

lysosomal breakdown of a cell’s own components

A

autophagy

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7
Q

life cycle of a single cell, from its birth until its division into two new daughter cells

A

cell cycle

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8
Q

membrane surrounding all animal cells, composed of a lipid bilayer interspersed with various molecules; also known as plasma membrane

A

cell membrane

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9
Q

small, self-replicating organelle that provides the origin for microtubule growth and moves DNA during cell division

A

centriole

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10
Q

region of attachment for two sister chromatids

A

centromere

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11
Q

cellular structure that organizes microtubules during cell division

A

centrosome

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12
Q

membrane-spanning protein that has an inner pore which allows the passage of one or more substances

A

channel protein

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13
Q

progress point in the cell cycle during which certain conditions must be met in order for the cell to proceed to a subsequence phase

A

checkpoint

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14
Q

substance consisting of DNA and associated proteins

A

chromatin

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15
Q

condensed version of chromatin

A

chromosome

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16
Q

small appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement of materials across the cellular surface

A

cilia

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17
Q

contractile ring that forms around a cell during cytokinesis that pinches the cell into two halves

A

cleavage furrow

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18
Q

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

A

codon

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19
Q

difference in the concentration of a substance between two regions

A

concentration gradient

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20
Q

one of a group of proteins that function in the progression of the cell cycle

A

cyclin

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21
Q

one of a group of enzymes associated with cyclins that help them perform their functions

A

cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)

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22
Q

final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

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23
Q

internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

A

cytoplasm

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24
Q

“skeleton” of a cell; formed by rod-like proteins that support the cell’s shape and provide, among other functions, locomotive abilities

A

cytoskeleton

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25
clear, semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm, made up mostly of water
cytosol
26
movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration
diffusion
27
condition marked by the presence of a double complement of genetic material (two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each of two parents)
diploid
28
enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication
DNA polymerase
29
process of duplicating a molecule of DNA
DNA replication
30
difference in the electrical charge (potential) between two regions
electrical gradient
31
import of material into the cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle
endocytosis
32
cellular organelle that consists of interconnected membrane-bound tubules, which may or may not be associated with ribosomes (rough type or smooth type, respectively)
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
33
export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle
exocytosis
34
one of the coding regions of an mRNA molecule that remain after splicing
exon
35
fluid exterior to cells; includes the interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and fluid found in other reservoirs in the body
extracellular fluid (ECF)
36
diffusion of a substance with the aid of a membrane protein
facilitated diffusion
37
appendage on certain cells formed by microtubules and modified for movement
flagellum
38
phase of the cell cycle, usually entered from the G1 phase; characterized by long or permanent periods where the cell does not move forward into the DNA synthesis phase
G0 phase
39
first phase of the cell cycle, after a new cell is born
G1 phase
40
third phase of the cell cycle, after the DNA synthesis phase
G2 phase
41
functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein
gene
42
active interpretation of the information coded in a gene to produce a functional gene product
gene expression
43
entire complement of an organism’s DNA; found within virtually every cell
genome
44
coating of sugar molecules that surrounds the cell membrane
glycocalyx
45
protein that has one or more carbohydrates attached
glycoprotein
46
cellular organelle formed by a series of flattened, membrane-bound sacs that functions in protein modification, tagging, packaging, and transport
Golgi apparatus
47
enzyme that functions to separate the two DNA strands of a double helix during DNA replication
helicase
48
family of proteins that associate with DNA in the nucleus to form chromatin
histone
49
describes two copies of the same chromosome (not identical), one inherited from each parent
homologous
50
describes a substance or structure attracted to water
hydrophilic
51
describes a substance or structure repelled by water
hydrophobic
52
describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration
hypertonic
53
describes a solution concentration that is lower than a reference concentration
hypotonic
54
membrane-associated protein that spans the entire width of the lipid bilayer
integral protein
55
type of cytoskeletal filament made of keratin, characterized by an intermediate thickness, and playing a role in resisting cellular tension
intermediate filament
56
entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis
interphase
57
fluid in the small spaces between cells not contained within blood vessels
interstitial fluid (IF)
58
fluid in the cytosol of cells
intracellular fluid (ICF)
59
non-coding regions of a pre-mRNA transcript that may be removed during splicing
intron
60
describes a solution concentration that is the same as a reference concentration
isotonic
61
region of a centromere where microtubules attach to a pair of sister chromatids
kinetochore
62
molecule that binds with specificity to a specific receptor molecule
ligand
63
membrane-bound cellular organelle originating from the Golgi apparatus and containing digestive enzymes
lysosome
64
nucleotide molecule that serves as an intermediate in the genetic code between DNA and protein
messenger RNA (mRNA)
65
second stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by the linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell
metaphase
66
linear alignment of sister chromatids in the center of the cell, which takes place during metaphase
metaphase plate
67
the thinnest of the cytoskeletal filaments; composed of actin subunits that function in muscle contraction and cellular structural support
microfilament
68
the thickest of the cytoskeletal filaments, composed of tubulin subunits that function in cellular movement and structural support
microtubule
69
one of the cellular organelles bound by a double lipid bilayer that function primarily in the production of cellular energy (ATP)
mitochondrion
70
division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed
mitosis
71
phase of the cell cycle in which a cell undergoes mitosis
mitotic phase
72
network of microtubules, originating from centrioles, that arranges and pulls apart chromosomes during mitosis
mitotic spindle
73
describes the condition of being able to differentiate into different types of cells within a given cell lineage or small number of lineages, such as a red blood cell or white blood cell
multipotent
74
change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene within a cell’s DNA
mutation
75
membrane that surrounds the nucleus; consisting of a double lipid-bilayer
nuclear envelope
76
one of the small, protein-lined openings found scattered throughout the nuclear envelope
nuclear pore
77
small region of the nucleus that functions in ribosome synthesis
nucleolus
78
unit of chromatin consisting of a DNA strand wrapped around histone proteins
nucleosome
79
cell’s central organelle; contains the cell’s DNA
nucleus
80
describes the condition of being more specialized than multipotency; the condition of being able to differentiate into one of a few possible cell types
oligopotent
81
any of several different types of membrane-enclosed specialized structures in the cell that perform specific functions for the cell
organelle
82
diffusion of water molecules down their concentration gradient across a selectively permeable membrane
osmosis
83
form of transport across the cell membrane that does not require input of cellular energy
passive transport
84
membrane-associated protein that does not span the width of the lipid bilayer, but is attached peripherally to integral proteins, membrane lipids, or other components of the membrane
peripheral protein
85
membrane-bound organelle that contains enzymes primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances
peroxisome
86
endocytosis of large particles
phagocytosis
87
endocytosis of fluid
pinocytosis
88
describes the condition of being able to differentiate into a large variety of cell types
pluripotent
89
chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
polypeptide
90
simultaneous translation of a single mRNA transcript by multiple ribosomes
polyribosome
91
region of DNA that signals transcription to begin at that site within the gene
promoter
92
first stage of mitosis (and meiosis), characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope and condensing of the chromatin to form chromosomes
prophase
93
full complement of proteins produced by a cell (determined by the cell’s specific gene expression)
proteome
94
a group of extremely reactive peroxides and oxygen-containing radicals that may contribute to cellular damage
reactive oxygen species (ROS)
95
protein molecule that contains a binding site for another specific molecule (called a ligand)
receptor
96
endocytosis of ligands attached to membrane-bound receptors
receptor-mediated endocytosis
97
RNA that makes up the subunits of a ribosome
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
98
cellular organelle that functions in protein synthesis
ribosome
99
enzyme that unwinds DNA and then adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA for the transcription phase of protein synthesis
RNA polymerase
100
stage of the cell cycle during which DNA replication occurs
S phase
101
feature of any barrier that allows certain substances to cross but excludes others
selective permeability
102
one of a pair of identical chromosomes, formed during DNA replication
sister chromatid
103
(also, Na+/K+ ATP-ase) membrane-embedded protein pump that uses ATP to move Na+ out of a cell and K+ into the cell
sodium-potassium pump
104
all cells of the body excluding gamete cells
somatic cell
105
complex of enzymes that serves to splice out the introns of a pre-mRNA transcript
spliceosome
106
the process of modifying a pre-mRNA transcript by removing certain, typically non-coding, regions
splicing
107
cell that is oligo-, multi-, or pleuripotent that has the ability to produce additional stem cells rather than becoming further specialized
stem cell
108
final stage of mitosis (and meiosis), preceding cytokinesis, characterized by the formation of two new daughter nuclei
telophase
109
embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body
totipotent
110
process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA
transcription
111
process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA
transcription
112
one of the proteins that regulate the transcription of genes
transcription factor
113
molecules of RNA that serve to bring amino acids to a growing polypeptide strand and properly place them into the sequence
transfer RNA (tRNA)
114
process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript
translation
115
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule that, when transcribed into an mRNA codon, corresponds to a particular amino acid
triplet
116
describes the condition of being committed to a single specialized cell type
unipotent
117
membrane-bound structure that contains materials within or outside of the cell
vesicle

BIOL 2113 (8 decks)

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