Chapter 6: Memory

Question 1

An active system that receives information from the senses, puts that information into a usable form organizes it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information
from storage.

Answer 1

Memory

Question 2

What are the 3 processes of memory?

Answer 2

1. Encoding
2. Storage
3. Retrieval

Question 3

This memory process refers to information that is converted to a form to be stored in the brain systems.

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

This memory process refers to information that is kept for a period of time.

Answer 4

Storage

Question 5

This memory process refers to information that is retrieved when needed.

Answer 5

Retrieval

Question 6

What are the 3 models of memory?

Answer 6

1. Information-Processing Model (IPM)
2. Parallel Distributing Processing Model (PDP)
3. Levels-of-Processing Model (LPM)

Question 7

This model of memory refers to utilizing the process of memory
(encoding, storage, retrieval) “The better you store it, the more you remember it”.

Answer 7

IPM

Question 8

This model of memory refers to memories that are stored in different areas of the brain. Simultaneous processing in different areas = Faster decision making “The more connections you make, the more you remember it”.

Answer 8

PDP

Question 9

This model of memory refers to how well you remember something depending on how deeply you think about it. Shallow processing, deep processing. “The deeper you go, the longer it lasts”.

Answer 9

LPM

Question 10

What are the 2 types of sensory memory?

Answer 10

1. Iconic
2. Echoic

Question 11

This sensory memory refers to visual information that lasts
only a fraction of a second; everything that can be seen at
one time.

Answer 11

Iconic Sensory Memory

Question 12

This sensory memory refers to auditory information which is
a brief memory of something
a person has heard.

Answer 12

Echoic Sensory Memory

Question 13

This refers to continuing to “see” the image even after it disappeared and still being able to recall its details with great accuracy.

Answer 13

Eidetic Imagery

Question 14

What are the 2 types of Memory?

Answer 14

1. Short-term
2. Long-term

Question 15

This type of memory refers to the memory system where
information is held for a brief period while being used. It lasts for 12-30 seconds without rehearsal.

Answer 15

Short-term memory

Question 16

This type of memory refers to the memory system where all
information is placed to be
kept permanently. It is unlimited for all practical purposes.

Answer 16

Long-term memory

Question 17

This refers to the ability to focus on only one stimulus from
among all sensory input that enters the STM
system. If an incoming sensory message is important
enough to enter consciousness, that message will move from sensory memory to STM.

Answer 17

Selective Attention

Question 18

This pertains to bits of information combined into
meaningful units (or chunks), more information can be held in STM.

Answer 18

Chunking

Question 19

What are the 2 types of LTM?

Answer 19

1. Non-declarative (implicit)
2. Declarative (explicit)

Question 20

This type of LTM refers to memories of things people know how to do. (ex: riding a bike)

Answer 20

Non-declarative (implicit)

Question 21

This type of LTM refers to memories of things that
people can know (ex: general
knowledge)

Answer 21

Declarative (explicit)

Question 22

This refers to the stimuli that help people retrieve memories.

Answer 22

Retrieval Cue

Question 23

This refers to encoding context + retrieval cue.

Answer 23

Encoding Specificity

Question 24

What are the 2 types of encoding specificity?

Answer 24

1. Context-dependent learning
2. State-dependent learning

Question 25

This refers to the encoding specificity where physical surroundings are used as cues to remember/learn specific information. (ex: taking the test in the same classroom you studied in)

Answer 25

Context-dependent learning

Question 26

This refers to the encoding specificity where physiological or psychological states are used as cues to remember/learn specific information. (ex: drinking coffee while studying and drinking coffee while taking the test)

Answer 26

State-dependent learning

Question 27

This refers to the retrieval of memories with few or no external cues.

Answer 27

Recall

Question 28

In recall, this refers to the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (TOT)

Answer 28

Retrieval Failure

Question 29

What are the 3 effects of recall?

Answer 29

1. Serial Position 2. Primacy 3. Recency

Question 30

In recall, this is the tendency to remember things at the first and end of a list.

Answer 30

Serial Position Effect

Question 31

In recall, this is the tendency to remember the beginning of a list.

Answer 31

Primacy Effect

Question 32

In recall, this is the tendency to recall recent events that just occurred.

Answer 32

Recency Effect

Question 33

This refers to hearing or looking at information and matching it to what is already in memory.

Answer 33

Recognition

Question 34

In recognition, this is when there is enough similarity between a cue and an existing memory to assume something is recognized despite not having it in memory.

Answer 34

False Positive

Question 35

What are the 4 types of amnesia?

Answer 35

1. Retrograde Amnesia 2. Anterograde Amnesia 3. Alzheimer's Disease 4. Infantile Amnesia

Question 36

In amnesia, this is the loss of memory from the point of injury backward.

Answer 36

Retrograde Amnesia

Question 37

In amnesia, this is the loss of memories from the point of injury forward.

Answer 37

Anterograde Amnesia

Question 38

In amnesia, this begins with anterograde amnesia—difficulty forming new memories—and progresses to retrograde amnesia, where past memories fade away. Unlike sudden-onset amnesia, it involves gradual memory loss due to brain degeneration.

Answer 38

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 39

In amnesia, this is the inability to retrieve memories from much before age three.

Answer 39

Infantile Amnesia

Question 40

What is neuroplasticity?

Answer 40

The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life, enables learning, adaptation, and recovery.

Question 41

The Brain and Memory:

Answer 41

- Changes in receptor sites - Long-term potentiation - Change in proteins within the dendrites

Question 42

This refers to the changes that takes place in the structure and functioning of neurons when a memory is formed, in the hippocampus. Continuous rehearsal and revision strengthens the networks existing between the compartments (long-term potentiation)

Answer 42

Consolidation