Chapter 8: Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
This refers to the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death.
A
Human Development
2
Q
What are the 3 special research designs?
A
- Longitudinal
- Cross-sectional
- Cross-sequential
3
Q
This research design refers to one group of people followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.
A
Longitudinal
4
Q
This research design refers to several different age-groups are
studied at one time.
A
Cross-sectional
5
Q
This refers to the particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience.
A
Cohort Effect
6
Q
This research design refers to a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs.
A
Cross-sequential
7
Q
Research in human development is affected by the _______ __ ___
A
Problem of age
8
Q
This refers to heredity, the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions.
A
Nature
9
Q
This refers to the influence of the environment on all of those same things.
A
Nurture
10
Q
This pertains to the field in the investigation of the origins of behavior in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person’s experiences.
A
Behavioral Genetics
11
Q
Most _____________ ______________ agree that people are the product of an interaction between nature and nurture.
A
Developmental Psychologist
12
Q
What are the 3 classifications of genetics?
A
- DNA
- Gene
- Chromosome
13
Q
A type of genetic wherein a special kind of molecule consisting of two very long sugar–phosphate strands, each linked together by certain chemical elements.
A
DNA (deixyribonucleic acid)
14
Q
A type of genetic where each section of DNA containing a certain sequence or ordering of amines.
A
Gene
15
Q
This refers to genes that are more active in influencing a trait.
A
Recessive
16
Q
This refers to the process where almost all traits are controlled by more than one pair of gene.
A
Polygenic Inheritance
17
Q
This is found in the nucleus of a cell; Rod-shaped structure where the genes are located.
A
Chromosome
18
Q
Humans have a total of ___ chromosomes.
A
46
19
Q
In chromosome, this refers to the first 22 pairs where most characteristics are defined.
A
Autosomes
20
Q
In chromosome, this refers to the last pair which determines
the sex of the person.
A
Sex Chromosomes
21
Q
This refers to several genetic disorders carried by recessive genes and will be inherited when a child inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent. (ex: cystic fibrosis)
A
VIA Recessive Genes
22
Q
This refers to when either the egg or sperm cell have an irregular number of chromosomes. (down syndrome)
A
Chromosome Problems
23
Q
This refers to the union of the ovum (egg) and sperm.
A
Fertilization
24
Q
In fertilization, this is when the union of the egg and
sperm is done, the resulting single cell which is a _______.
A
Zygote
25
In fertilization, a cycle of division process called _______ until the mass of cells becomes a baby.
Mitosis
26
What are the types of twins?
1. Monozygotic Twins (identical)
2. Dizygotic Twins (fraternal)
3. Conjoined Twins
27
The type of twins that develop when the mass of cells splits completely into two separate masses, each of which will develop into a separate infant. (one egg to two babies)
Monozygotic (identical)
28
The type of twins that develop when a woman releases two eggs (one egg at a time or one egg after conceiving) and both fertilizes into two separate infants. (two eggs to two babies)
Dizygotic (fraternal)
29
The type of twins that form when the mass of cells does not completely split apart during the twinning process. These twins will be joined at the point where the two cell masses remain “stuck.”
Conjoined Twins
30
The period after fertilization wherein the zygote divides and moves down to the uterus.
Germinal Period
31
The type of period where the zygote firmly attaches to the uterus, it becomes an embryo.
Embryonic Period
32
This refers to the period when some environmental influences can have a mild to devastating impact on the development of an infant.
Critical Periods
33
This refers to any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect.
Teratogen
34
This refers to the period of tremendous growth wherein the embryo becomes a fetus.
Fetal Period
35
In the fetal period, at 38 weeks, the fetus is considered full-term. If born before 38 weeks, it is called _______.
Pre-term
36
This refers to the set of innate (existing from birth), involuntary behavior patterns.
Reflex
37
What are some examples of reflexes among infants?
- Grasping
- Rooting
- Stepping
- Startle
- Sucking
38
What are the 6 developmental milestones?
1. Raising head and chest (2-4 mos)
2. Rolling over (2-5 mos)
3. Sitting up with support (4-6 mos)
4. Sitting up without support (6-7 mos)
5. Crawling (7-8 mos)
6. Walking (8-18 mos)
39
This refers to the development that happens from the head downwards.
Cephalocaudal
40
He developed a 4 stage theory of cognitive development based on observation of infants and children.
Jean Piaget
41
This refers to mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations or events.
Schemes
42
This refers to when children first try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess.
Assimilation
43
This refers to the process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences.
Accommodation
44
What are the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operations
4. Formal Operations
45
In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, this pertains to when children explore the world using their senses and ability to move.
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 y.o)
46
This is the knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight.
Object Permanence
47
In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, pertains to when young children can mentally represent and refer to objects with words or pictures, but they cannot conserve, logically reason.
Pre-operational (2 to 7 y.o)
48
In the pre-operational stage, what are the 3 components?
1. Egocentrism
2. Centration
3. Conservation
49
In the pre-operational stage, this refers to the inability to see the world through anyone else’s eyes.
Egocentric
50
In the pre-operational stage, this refers to the tendency to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features.
Centration
51
In the pre-operational stage, this refers to the ability to understand that changing the appearance of an object does not change its nature.
Conservation
52
In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, pertains to when young children are able to conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of their many characteristics.
Concrete Operations (7 to 11 y.o)
53
In Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, pertains to when young children can use abstract reasoning, think logical possibilities, and systematically test hypotheses.
Formal Operations (12 y.o and up)
54
He stressed the importance of social and cultural interactions with other people, typically more highly skilled individuals.
Lev Vygotsky
55
According to Lev Vygotsky, this is the process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner.
Scaffolding
56
According to Lev Vygotsky, this is the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher.
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
57
What are the 5 stages of language development?
1. Cooing (2 mos)
2. Babbling (6 mos)
3. One-word speech (1 yr)
4. Telegraphic speech (1.5 yrs)
5. Whole sentences (preschool age)
58
In language, children attend to higher-pitched, repetition, and sing-song speech. What is this called?
Child-directed Speech
59
In language, children may be able to produce one or two words, but they understand much longer sentences from the others.
Receptive-productive Lag
60
What are the 3 infant styles?
1. Easy
2. Difficult
3. Slow to warm up
61
In this infant style, they are on a regular schedule, adaptable, and easy to please.
Easy
62
In this infant style, they are on an irregular schedule, uneasy or unadaptable, and loud and active.
Difficult
63
In this infant style, they are quieter and more regular than difficult children and are in between easy and difficult with adaptability.
Slow to warm up
64
What are the 4 attachment styles of infants to caregivers?
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Ambivalent
4. Disorganized-disoriented
65
In this attachment style, babies easily get down from their mother’s lap, explore a room happily, and are wary of strangers, while occasionally returning to their mother and being easily soothed.
Secure
66
In this attachment style, babies are somewhat explorative, barely
expressing interest in both the stranger and mother, while reacting to the absence of the latter.
Avoidant
67
In this attachment style, babies are clingy and unwilling to explore, are easily upset by strangers regardless of mother’s prescence, and in general are demanding.
Ambivalent
68
In this attachment style, babies are "confused: in the sense that they seem to be fearful and show a depressed look on their faces.
Disorganized-disoriented
69
What are the 4 psychosocial stages according to Erikson?
1. Trust VS Mistrust
2. Autonomy VS Shame & Doubt
3. Initiative VS Guilt
4. Industry VS Inferiority
70
In this psychosocial stage,
Success: If needs are met, the baby trusts caregivers.
Failure: If needs aren’t met, baby mistrusts others.
Trust VS Mistrust
71
In this psychosocial stage,
Success: Toddlers control their actions and gain independence.
Failure: Blocked attempts of independence result in self-doubt.
Autonomy VS Shame & Doubt
72
In this psychosocial stage,
Success: Control of behavior, while feeling capable
Failure: Lack of behavioral control leads to irresponsibility and anxiety.
Initiative VS Guilt
73
In this psychosocial stage,
Success: New skills lead to a sense of competency and boosted self-esteem.
Failure: Lacking a skillset leads to comparison.
Industry VS Inferiority
74
What period refers to the TRANSITION period of life from about age 13 to the early 20s?
Adolescence
75
In adolescence, this refers to an increase in height and puberty. It occurs as the result of glandular and hormonal activities when properly determined age is reached.
Physical Development
76
What are the 2 sex characteristics in puberty?
1. Primary
2. Secondary
77
In Piaget's Cognitive Development, this refers to thinking about what an "ideal" world is, doing introspection, etc.
Piaget's Formal Operations
78
In Piaget's Cognitive Development, this refers to egocentric thought that emerges to ________ _____ and _________ ________.
- Personal Fable
- Imaginary Audience
79
This refers to the type of development where you understand what is "right" and "wrong".
Moral Development
80
What are the 3 levels of moral development according to Kohlberg?
1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional
81
In psychosocial development, who proposed the psychosocial crisis that must be resolved and what is it?
- Erikson
- Identity VS Role Confusion
82
This psychosocial stage is marked by the search for a consistent sense of self or identity.
Identity VS Role Confusion
83
This refers to the period of life during the early 20s until old age and death.
Adulthood
84
What are the 3 different developments in adulthood?
1. Physical
2. Cognitive
3. Psychosocial
85
In physical development, what are the 3 stages?
1. Young Adulthood
2. Middle Age
3. Late Adulthood
86
In physical development among women, this occurs when there is a physical decline in the reproductive system around the age of 40 signaling the end of its capability.
Menopause
87
In physical development among men, this occurs when there is a physical decline in the hormones, primarily the testosterone around the age of 40.
Andropause
88
This development in adulthood refers to how there is no decline in intellectual activities, but processing and reaction may be slower than usual. There are also changes in memory ability wherein recalling can become difficult.
Cognitive Development
89
This development in adulthood refers to the typical life concerns involve career, relationships, family, and approaching old age. It includes Erikson’s last three stages: intimacy, generativity, and ego integrity.
Psychosocial Development
90
What are the 3 stages of psychosocial development?
1. Intimacy
2. Generativity
3. Ego Integrity
91
This stage in psychosocial development is when you are being close to someone by trusting, sharing, and caring, while still being yourself.
Intimacy
92
This stage in psychosocial development is helping younger people through advice, work, or volunteering.
Generativity
93
This stage in psychosocial development is when you feel at peace with your life and accept past mistakes.
Ego Integrity
94
What are the 4 theories of why aging occurs?
1. Activity
2. Wear-and-tear
3. Cellular clock
4. Free radical
95
This theory of aging refers to adjustments to aging that assume older people are happier if they remain active in some way, such as volunteering or developing a hobby.
Activity Theory
96
This theory of aging refers to when time goes by, repeated use and abuse of the body's tissues cause it to be unable to repair the damage.
Wear-and-Tear Theory
96
This theory of aging is based on the idea that cells only have so many times that they can reproduce; once that limit is reached damaged cells begin to accumulate.
Cellular Clock Theory
96
This theory of aging refers to when oxygen molecules with an unstable electron move around the cell, damaging cell structures as they go.
Free Radical Theory
97
What are the 5 stages of death?
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
