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Psych 101 2nd LE 2nd Sem > Chapter 7: Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Cognition Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

This is alternatively known as ‘thinking’ it is the processing, organizing, understanding, and communication of information.

A

Cognition

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2
Q

This is one of the tools in the thought process and is essential in planning and executing tasks. Playing a significant role in cognitive processes.

A

Mental Imagery

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3
Q

In mental imagery, information and stored knowledge comes from the cortex and is visualized in the ______ which is perceived in the mind’s eye.

A

Visual Cortex

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4
Q

This is a representation of a class or categories of objects, activities, events, etc. This allows for instantaneous thinking and communication.

A

Concepts

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of concepts?

A
  1. Natural
  2. Formal
  3. Prototype
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6
Q

This concept is formed from experience in the real world which allows for interpretation of events and surroundings in daily life.

A

Natural

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7
Q

This concept is defined by a strict set of established rules.

A

Formal

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8
Q

This concept serves as a representative of a category. It is dependent on a community’s exposure to a specific object, activity, or event that begins to serve as a representative of a concept.

A

Protoytpe

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of concepts as organization?

A
  1. Schema
  2. Script
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10
Q

This concept of organization refers to generalizations about objects, events, or activities.

A

Schema

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11
Q

This concept of organization refers to the representing a
sequence of events or activities.

A

Script

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12
Q

This allows people to arrive at
conclusions and answers
based on what is given to
them.

A

Logical Reasoning

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13
Q

This occurs when a goal must be
reached by behaving and thinking in certain ways. It is an aspect of decision-making.

A

Problem-Solving

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14
Q

What are the 5 problem-solving strategies?

A
  1. Trial & Error
  2. Algorithms
  3. Heuristics
  4. Subgoals
  5. Insight
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15
Q

This problem-solving strategy is a.k.a. mechanical solution; it involves trying one solution after another until one eventually works.

A

Trial & Error

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16
Q

This problem-solving strategy is specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems; will always result in correct solutions.

A

Algorithms

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17
Q

This problem-solving strategy is a.k.a “rule of thumb”; educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions to a problem; humanistic

A

Heuristics

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18
Q

What are the 3 components of Heuristics?

A
  1. Representative
  2. Availability
  3. Working Backwards
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19
Q

This problem-solving strategy is about breaking a goal into sections.

A

Subgoals

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20
Q

This problem-solving strategy refers to solutions that suddenly come to mind; “eureka!” moments.

A

Insight

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21
Q

What are the problems in problem-solving?

A
  • Functional fixedness
  • Mental sets
  • Confirmation bias
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22
Q

This problem in problem-solving refers to thinking of objects only in terms of their typical uses; a kind of mental set.

A

Functional Fixedness

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23
Q

This problem in problem-solving refers to persisting in using problem-solving patterns that worked in the past, resulting to failures; people become hesitant to think of other possibilities.

A

Mental Sets

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24
Q

This problem in problem-solving refers to the tendency to search for evidence that supports one’s decisions/beliefs and rejecting those that are in contrary to it.

Study These Flashcards
A

Confirmation Bias

25
This refers to solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways, and "inventing" new ways.
Creativity
26
What are the 2 types of problem-solving thinking?
1. Convergent 2. Divergent
27
This problem-solving thinking is seen as having only one answer and all thinking will eventually converge to that single answer.
Convergent Thinking
28
This problem-solving thinking is coming up with many different and divergent ideas or possibilities from a single point.
Divergent Thinking
29
This is the ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems.
Intelligence
30
What are the different theories of intelligence?
- General - Specific - Analytical - Creative - Practical
31
What theory did Robert Sternberg create?
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
32
In Sternberg's Triarchic Theory, this theory of intelligence refers to the ability to break down problems into component parts.
Analytical Intelligence
33
In Sternberg's Triarchic Theory, this theory of intelligence refers to the ability to deal with new and different concepts and come up with new ways of solving problems.
Creative Intelligence
34
In Sternberg's Triarchic Theory, this theory of intelligence refers to the ability to use information effectively in real-life situations and become successful; street smarts.
Practical Intelligence
35
What are the 2 factors of Spearman's Theory?
1. G factor (general intelligence) 2. S factor (specific intelligence)
36
This factor of Spearman's Theory refers to the ability to reason and solve problems.
G factor (general)
37
This factor of Spearman's Theory refers to the ability to excel in certain areas.
S factor (specific)
38
What are the effects of traumatic brain injury?
- Difficulty thinking - Speech disturbances - Memory problems - Reduced attention span
39
This refers to an impairment of brain function for minutes to hours following a head injury.
Concussion
40
What are the long-term effects of a concussion?
- Dementia - Depression - Significant memory problems - Mild cognitive impairment
41
What are the 2 extremes of intelligence?
1. Intellectual Developmental Disorders (IDD) 2. Giftedness
42
This extreme of intelligence refers to a condition where one’s level of mental abilities and adaptation are not appropriate for their age. (ex: down syndrome)
IDD
43
This extreme of intelligence refers to people whose IQ levels are at around 130 are called gifted, and at around 140 are called geniuses.
Giftedness
44
This refers to a system for combining symbols (such as words) so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made for the purpose of communicating with others.
Language
45
What are the 6 elements of language?
1. Grammar 2. Phonemes 3. Morphemes 4. Syntax 5. Semantics 6. Pragmatics
46
This element of language refers to a system of rules governing the structure and use of a language.
Grammar
47
This element of language refers to the smallest units of meaning.
Morphemes
47
This element of language refers to the basic units of sound.
Phonemes
48
This element of language refers to a system of rules for combining words and phrases to form grammatically correct sentence.
Syntax
49
This element of language refers to rules for determining the meaning of words and sentences.
Semantics
50
This element of language has to do with the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social “niceties” of language.
Pragmatics
51
In the relationship between language and thought, _____ _____ said that concepts preceded and aided the development of language.
Jean Piaget
52
In the relationship between language and thought, this refers to how child would be talking about something totally unrelated to the speech of the other.
Collective Monologue
53
In the relationship between language and thought, ______ proposed that language helped develop concepts and that language could also help the child learn to control behavior—including social behavior.
Vygotsky
54
Language is defined as the ___ __ ______ and are things that stand for something else.
Use of symbols
55
In language, gestures by animals are ________
Instinctual
56
In _____ language, symbols are used quite deliberately and voluntarily, not by instinct, and abstract symbols have no meaning until people assign meaning to them.
Human
57
What are examples of mental exercises?
- Riddles - Puzzles - Drawing - Music instrument
58
What are positive effects of aerobic exercise? (ex: jogging, walking, swimming, etc.)
- Better executive control and memory processes in preadolescent children - Improved affect and visuospatial memory in young adults - Increased hippocampal volume in elderly adults

Psych 101 2nd LE 2nd Sem (5 decks)

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