Chapter 6 Memory Flashcards
(34 cards)
Declarative memory
Long-term memory knowledge that can be retrieved and then reflected on consciously
Explicit Memory
Long-term memory retrieval or performance that entails deliberate recollection or awareness
Nondeclarative/Implicit Memory
Long-term memory performance, knowledge that influences thought and behaviour without any necessary involvement of consciousness
Episodic Memory
memory of the personally experienced events
Semantic Memory
general world knowledge
Repetition Priming
a priming effect caused by the exact repetition of a stimulus; often used in implicit memory tests
Episodic Buffer
the part of working memory that integrates different types of knowledge to form episodic memories
Consolidation
the process that makes memories permanent and reliable, stretched over two phases
Metamemory
people’s awareness of their own memory content and processes
Mnemonic device
any mental device or strategy that provides a useful rehearsal strategy for storing and remembering difficult material
Method of Loci (for remembering)
- Choose a known set of locations that can be recalled easily and in order.
- Form a mental image of the first thing you want to remember and mentally place into into the first location, 2nd in 2nd location, etc..
When recalling mentally go through the set of locations recalling the things you wanted to remember in order
Peg Word Mnemonic
- pre-memorizing a set of words that serve as a sequence of mental ‘pegs’ onto which the to-be remembered material can be ‘hung’
- The peg words rely on rhymes with the numbers 1-10 (e.g., one is bun, two is shoe, three is tree…)
3 Principles of Mnemonic effectiveness
- Providing a structure for information
- Creating associations with visual images, rhymes, etc
- Guides your retrieval through cues
Story mnemonic
a memory aid in which people construct a narrative story containing the material to help them remember it later
Retrieval cue
Any cue, hint, or piece of information used to prompt retrieval of some target information
Is massed practice or distributed practice more effective?
Distributed practice is more effective than ‘cramming’
Synaptic Consolidation
phase in which memories may be stored up to 2 weeks, perhaps in hippocampus
Systems Consolidation
phase in which memories are stored for up to a lifetime across the cortex (slower phase)
Metacognition
awareness and monitoring of owe’s own cognitive state or conditional knowledge about one’s own cognitive processes and memory system
Judgements of learning (JOLs)
a memory assessment strategy in which you judge how will you have learned a body of knowledge and whether you need additional study time
-people are bad at this right after learning something
Labor-in-vain effect
devoting more study time to difficult items and not improving much anyways
Region of proximal learning
studying information that is just beyond one’s current knowledge and saving more difficult material to later
Ebbinghaus’ Theory
investigated one storage variable (repetition) and one memory task (relearning)
-found increasing receptions led to a stronger memory
Hasher & Zack’s theory
summarized a large body of research on how sensitive people are to event frequency
-propose that frequency information is automatically encoded into memory with no deliberate effort or event
