Chapter 7+8 slide Material

Question 1

Episodic Memory

Answer 1

Autobiographical knowledge about personal past, unique to the individual

Question 2

Semantic Memory

Answer 2

General knowledge about the world that all members of a culture possess

Question 3

Nodes in memory

Answer 3

Semantic node (e.g., riding animal/ drug term)

Structural node (e.g., Horse / heroine)

Question 4

Instantiation

Answer 4

Encoding a particular structural node as connected to a particular semantic node

Question 5

Verification

Answer 5

Indicating the truth of a test item

Question 6

Production

Answer 6

Retrieving an instance from memory when given a cue

Question 7

Allan Collins and Ross Quillians work in semantic memory

Answer 7

• Designed a computer model for semantic knowledge (HIERARCHICAL NETWORK MODEL)
• semantic memory consists of a network of basic elements (nodes) connected by pointers which express relations between elements
• stored with each element are a list of properties that define the features of a concept

Question 8

assumptions of the hierarchical network model

Answer 8

• it takes time to mov from one level of the hierarchy to another
• it takes additional time to retrieve features (properties) stored at a level (should be faster to answer questions about category membership than properties)

Question 9

How does priming affect the hierarchical network model?

“A robin can fly’ vs ‘a robin has a red breast’

Answer 9

Faster response on target when primed by ‘fly’ rather than ‘red breast’ because ‘fly’ is stored with ‘bird’ whereas ‘red breast’ is stored with ‘robin’

Question 10

Problems with hierarchical network model?

Answer 10

• model does not explain the typicality effect: faster to verify typical members of category rather than atypical members
• in model they are at same level of hierarchy and should take same time

Question 11

What model did Ripps, Shoben, and Smith create?

Answer 11

The Feature Comparison Model

• all concepts in semantic memory represented as sets or lists of features
• no cognitive economy, same features stored with different concept

Question 12

Two types of features in feature comparison model?

Answer 12

1) Defining features- features essential to define concept
(e. g., bird, has feathers, has wings)

2) Characteristic features- features that are characteristic or common to many members of a category, but not essential
(e. g., bird- able to fly)

Question 13

Are relationships between concepts and real life things stored in memory (feature comparison model)?

Answer 13

No, they must be computed and are not stored in memory

Question 14

Criticism of feature comparison model

Answer 14

• model cannot easily explain priming effects

- How do you verify property statements (like ‘a canary is yellow’)

Question 15

Spreading Activation Network Model (Collins and Loftus)

Answer 15

• Concepts organized in network, but not hierarchical
• Features also stored with concepts
• Length of links between concepts represents strengths of associations
• Assumes activation spreads between concepts

Question 16

What did Meyer and Schvaneveldt demonstrate in their lexical decision (RT) task?

Answer 16

Yes trials were faster when preceded by a related word (priming)

Question 17

Sir Frederick Bartlett’s approach to learning

Answer 17

• Emphasized learning under natural conditions without tight controls
• emphasized meaning by using real-world text materials and storied
• Too down semantic approach

Question 18

Repeated Reproduction

Answer 18

Recall the same material on several occasions- done by same person

Question 19

Serial Reproduction

Answer 19

Transmit the material to someone else ‘next in line’- requires several people

Question 20

5 Changes over recall

Answer 20

1. Omission: details, mood
2. Dominant detail: anchor point
3. Rationalization: increase ‘sense’
4. Transformed details: instantiation, > familiarity
5. Transformed order: change sequence

Question 21

Schema(ta)

Answer 21

stored framework or body of knowledge about a topic

Question 22

Scripts

Answer 22

large scale semantic and episodic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experience

Question 23

Headers

Answer 23

phrases or words that activate a script

Question 24

Frames

Answer 24

details about specific events within the script

Question 25

Default Value

Answer 25

common, typical value or concept that occupies the frame

Question 26

7 sins of memory

Answer 26

1. Long term memory is transient
2. Absent mindedness
3. Blocking
4. Misattribution
5. Suggestibility
6. Bias
7. Persistence (of traumatic/negative memories)

Question 27

Amnesia

Answer 27

a loss of memory

Question 28

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 28

disruption of memory for information learned before amnesia causing event

Question 29

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 29

disruption of memory for information learned after the amnesia-causing event

Question 30

Amnesia as evidence for ??

Answer 30

a distinction between episodic and implicit memory, because people have had one impaired but not the other and vice versa.

Question 31

Self relevance effect

Answer 31

• items or events that we perceive as self-relevant are important to us and attract more of our attention
• leads to better memory

Question 32

Bransford and Franks work in memory?

Answer 32

• interested in how ideas were stored in memory
• They constructed a clever experiment which showed how we link together related ideas into an integrated whole
• abstracting and integrating meaning

Question 33

Bransford and Franks’ materials

Answer 33

1. the rock hit the hut
2. the tiny hut was by the river
   3 the rock hit the tiny hut by the river
3. the rock rolled down the mountain and hit the tiny hut by the river
   (more ideas the higher the confidence ratings)

Question 34

How does varied stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) between prime and target affect results?

Answer 34

• shorter SOA is fast response because of automatic spreading
• longer SOA is faster response because of automatic spreading + expectancy