Chapter 7+8 slide Material Flashcards
(34 cards)
Episodic Memory
Autobiographical knowledge about personal past, unique to the individual
Semantic Memory
General knowledge about the world that all members of a culture possess
Nodes in memory
Semantic node (e.g., riding animal/ drug term)
Structural node (e.g., Horse / heroine)
Instantiation
Encoding a particular structural node as connected to a particular semantic node
Verification
Indicating the truth of a test item
Production
Retrieving an instance from memory when given a cue
Allan Collins and Ross Quillians work in semantic memory
- Designed a computer model for semantic knowledge (HIERARCHICAL NETWORK MODEL)
- semantic memory consists of a network of basic elements (nodes) connected by pointers which express relations between elements
- stored with each element are a list of properties that define the features of a concept
assumptions of the hierarchical network model
- it takes time to mov from one level of the hierarchy to another
- it takes additional time to retrieve features (properties) stored at a level (should be faster to answer questions about category membership than properties)
How does priming affect the hierarchical network model?
“A robin can fly’ vs ‘a robin has a red breast’
Faster response on target when primed by ‘fly’ rather than ‘red breast’ because ‘fly’ is stored with ‘bird’ whereas ‘red breast’ is stored with ‘robin’
Problems with hierarchical network model?
- model does not explain the typicality effect: faster to verify typical members of category rather than atypical members
- in model they are at same level of hierarchy and should take same time
What model did Ripps, Shoben, and Smith create?
The Feature Comparison Model
- all concepts in semantic memory represented as sets or lists of features
- no cognitive economy, same features stored with different concept
Two types of features in feature comparison model?
1) Defining features- features essential to define concept
(e. g., bird, has feathers, has wings)
2) Characteristic features- features that are characteristic or common to many members of a category, but not essential
(e. g., bird- able to fly)
Are relationships between concepts and real life things stored in memory (feature comparison model)?
No, they must be computed and are not stored in memory
Criticism of feature comparison model
- model cannot easily explain priming effects
- How do you verify property statements (like ‘a canary is yellow’)
Spreading Activation Network Model (Collins and Loftus)
- Concepts organized in network, but not hierarchical
- Features also stored with concepts
- Length of links between concepts represents strengths of associations
- Assumes activation spreads between concepts
What did Meyer and Schvaneveldt demonstrate in their lexical decision (RT) task?
Yes trials were faster when preceded by a related word (priming)
Sir Frederick Bartlett’s approach to learning
- Emphasized learning under natural conditions without tight controls
- emphasized meaning by using real-world text materials and storied
- Too down semantic approach
Repeated Reproduction
Recall the same material on several occasions- done by same person
Serial Reproduction
Transmit the material to someone else ‘next in line’- requires several people
5 Changes over recall
- Omission: details, mood
- Dominant detail: anchor point
- Rationalization: increase ‘sense’
- Transformed details: instantiation, > familiarity
- Transformed order: change sequence
Schema(ta)
stored framework or body of knowledge about a topic
Scripts
large scale semantic and episodic knowledge structures that guide our interpretation and comprehension of daily experience
Headers
phrases or words that activate a script
Frames
details about specific events within the script
