Chapter 7

Question 1

Why do 10 to 20 percent of babies cry reflexively?

Answer 1

Immature digestion causing gas and reflux or an allergy to formula ingredients

Question 2

Crying strategies

Answer 2

Feed (bottle, breast,) Binkie, Burp, Swaddle (bunt), White noise, Rock

Question 3

When does social smile appear?

Answer 3

About 6 weeks, evoked by human face

Question 4

When is laugh out loud laughter?

Answer 4

3 months

Question 5

When does anger appear and what triggers it?

Answer 5

Appears at 6 months, triggered by frustration

Question 6

What emotion causes cortisol to increase?

Answer 6

Sadness. Extended sadness

Question 7

What does excessive stress do?

Answer 7

Impairs the brain, changing it’s architecture

Question 8

When does separation anxiety appear?

Answer 8

Appears at 9 months, normal at age 1, intensifies by age 2 and then subsides

Question 9

Stranger Wariness

Answer 9

Appears around 9-12 months. Baby no longer smiles at any face. Depends on the development of object permanence.

Question 10

Appropriate response to temper tantrums

Answer 10

Respond with comforting sounds and words

Question 11

When do pride, shame, and embarrassment appear?

Answer 11

The end of the second year. Related to social awareness

Question 12

Self-Awareness

Answer 12

Realization that he or she is a distinct individual

Question 13

Dot of rouge experiment teaches us…

Answer 13

Self-recognition appears at about 18 months

Question 14

Temperament

Answer 14

A genetic disposition. Inborn

Question 15

Difference between personality and temperament

Answer 15

Personality is learned, temperament is innate

Question 16

The temperamental traits are…

Answer 16

Effortful control
Negative mood
Exuberance

Question 17

Prenatal/physiological influences on temperament

Answer 17

Hormones, limbic system differences, early maternal influences

Question 18

Parent’s responsiveness

Answer 18

Fosters heart rate, weight gain, brain maturation

Question 19

synchrony

Answer 19

back and forth interaction between parent and child. Children with ASD lack this

Question 20

attachment

Answer 20

Tie the infant forms with the caregiver

Question 21

Strange Situation

Answer 21

Mary Ainsworth’s way of measuring children’s attachment to their caregiver

Question 22

Two signs indicate an attachment:

Answer 22

Proximity-seeking, contact-maintaining

Question 23

Attachment Type B and parental traits

Answer 23

Secure Attachment. Is calmed by mother. Parent is responsive, high in synchrony, not stressed, has a working model from parents

Question 24

Attachment Type A and parental traits

Answer 24

Avoidant Attachment: Baby avoids connection. Mom doesn’t distress or comfort baby. Mom might be mentally ill, mistreat the child, or child’s temperament is difficult

Question 25

Attachment Type C

Answer 25

Insecure-Resistant/Ambivalent. Anxiety and uncertainty are present. Child clings to mother but hits her when mom comes back.

Question 26

Attachment Type D and parental traits

Answer 26

Disorganized Attachment. Odd reactions when mom leaves and returns. Freeze, hit themselves, etc. Mom may use alcohol, abuse child, deprivate the child, etc

Question 27

Long term impact of the attachment styles

Answer 27

D: psychological disorders B: Healthy. Children have supportive relationships A: Aloof/distant C: Relationships may be angry and unpredictable

Question 28

Social referencing

Answer 28

Seeking information about how to respond to an unfamiliar situation by observing someone else

Question 29

Father-infant relationships teach infants:

Answer 29

Develop social and emotional skills and about appropriate expressions of emotion, especially anger

Question 30

Mom and Dad's play style differs...

Answer 30

Mom is gentle, dad is rough-and-tumble

Question 31

Father of psychosexual theory

Answer 31

Freud

Question 32

Psychosexual theory and development

Answer 32

Parent-child relationship is the model for all intimacy going forward

Question 33

Father of psychosocial theory

Answer 33

Erickson

Question 34

Psychosocial theory and development

Answer 34

Children learn whether the world is scary or safe Children learn how to be autonomous or embarrased

Question 35

Father of Behaviorism

Answer 35

Watson

Question 36

Behaviorism teaches us

Answer 36

Any child can become anything if properly reinforced

Question 37

Father of Social Learning Theory

Answer 37

Albert Bandura

Question 38

Social learning theory and development

Answer 38

Children want to do what the people around them are doing (parents)

Question 39

Proximal Parenting

Answer 39

Lots of physical contact

Question 40

Distal Parenting

Answer 40

Focus more on the intellect/objects than the body

Question 41

Proximal parenting results in:

Answer 41

Less-self aware and more compliant

Question 42

Distal Parenting results in

Answer 42

More self-aware and less compliant

Question 43

Father of cognitive theory

Answer 43

Piaget

Question 44

Cognitive theory and development

Answer 44

Early experiences give us a working model

Question 45

working model

Answer 45

Set of assumptions that a person uses to organize perceptions and experiences

Question 46

Father of Sociocultural Theory

Answer 46

Lev Vygotsky

Question 47

Sociocultural theory and development

Answer 47

Children learn from mentors who provide scaffolding to apprentices in learning

Question 48

Evolutionary Theory and development

Answer 48

Bonding between adults and children is rooted in the desire for the children to survive and the adults to reproduce

Question 49

Allocare

Answer 49

Caregivers who are not the mother (even father is allocare)

Question 50

High quality Day care...

Answer 50

Attention to the child, encouragement of language and sensorimotor development, health and safety, well trained and warm and responsive caregivers

Question 51

Benefits and harms of daycare

Answer 51

Mixed results. Preschool education is beneficial, but it can be done at home