Chapter 8

Question 1

Body mass index is the lowest in the lifespan between ages

Answer 1

5 and 6

Question 2

Between the ages of 2-6 a child will gain about

Answer 2

4.5 pounds per year
3 inches per year

Question 3

A typical six year old looks lean because

Answer 3

Their legs make up half their body proportion

Question 4

They have small appetites often satisfied by

Answer 4

unhealthy food

Question 5

What habits contribute to obesity, especially in children of lower socioeconomic status?

Answer 5

Living with grandparents
Less exercise
More screen time
Fewer veggies
More fast food
Culture that encourages sugar consumption

Question 6

What is the correlation between family income and obesity? Negative? Positive? Zero?

Answer 6

Negative. One goes up, other goes down. Income goes up, obesity goes down

Question 7

What happens to a child’s appetite between the ages of 2 and 6?

Answer 7

Decreases

Question 8

Does immigration increase or decrease weight in childhood?

Answer 8

Increases

Question 9

Most common nutritional deficiencies in young children

Answer 9

Iron, zinc, calcium (may be caused by the increased consumption of soda)

Question 10

How to ensure adequate nutrition for children?

Answer 10

Serve healthy food when children are hungry
Serve a variety of healthy food early in life before dislikes develop

Question 11

Immediate harm of too much sugar in a child’s diet?

Answer 11

Tooth decay. Eat more fiber, less sugar, and brush teeth better. Most common disease is cavities

Question 12

Percent of children with significant food allergies?

Answer 12

8 percent

Question 13

Most common food allergies in children?

Answer 13

Peanuts, soy, eggs, milk, fish, wheat, shellfish, tree nuts

Question 14

2 year old human brain weighs what percent of the adult brain?

Answer 14

75%

Question 15

The 6 year old human brain weighs what percent of the human brain

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

What is myelination?

Answer 16

The fatty coating on the surface of axons. Called myelin

Question 17

What does myelin do?

Answer 17

Speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron

Question 18

Which part of the brain aids in coordinating the two sides of the body?
Example?

Answer 18

Corpus Callosum: Long band of nerve fibers that connect the left and right sides of the bran
Ex: Allows a child to hold the paper down with her left hand and write with her right

Question 19

Lateralization

Answer 19

Specialization of certain functions by each side of the brain

Question 20

What determines lateralization?

Answer 20

Genes, prenatal hormones, early experiences

Question 21

What percentage of people are left-handed?

Answer 21

1/10 children. This is partly genetic. They are affected by the design of doorknobs, scissors, baseball mitts, etc

Question 22

What does the left side of the brain notice?

Answer 22

Details, logical reasoning, detailed analysis, basics of language

Question 23

What does the right side of the brain notice>

Answer 23

Big picture, emotional and creative impulses, appreciation for music, art, and poetry

Question 24

Part of the brain where planning, language, and advanced thought happens?

Answer 24

Left hemisphere

Question 25

What does maturation of the pre-frontal cortex enable?

Answer 25

Regular sleep, nuanced emotions, less temper tantrums, uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common, pickiness declines

Question 26

Impulsiveness and perseveration are both related to the underdevelopment of the

Answer 26

prefrontal cortex

Question 27

Impulsiveness

Answer 27

Acting before thinking

Question 28

Perseveration

Answer 28

Tendency to stick to one thought or action for a long time

Question 29

When can stress be positive?

Answer 29

A small amount with warm supportive adults can improve memory

Question 30

What does too much stress early in brain development do?

Answer 30

Floods brain with cortisol, changing brain structures Child will have over or under emotional reactions throughout life

Question 31

Gross major milestone of age 3

Answer 31

Kick, throw a ball, pedal a tricycle, jump with both feet

Question 32

Gross motor milestones age 4

Answer 32

Catch a large ball, use scissors, dress self, pour milk, copy most letters

Question 33

Major gross motor milestones of age 5

Answer 33

Skip and clap in rhythm, comb hair

Question 34

Major gross motor milestones age 6

Answer 34

Write simple words, read, tie shoes

Question 35

What factors enable the development of gross motor skills?

Answer 35

Brain maturation motivation Guided practice Peers/siblings that demonstrate whatever the child is ready to try

Question 36

Urbanization concerns with gross motor skills

Answer 36

Next generation may have no safe place to practice motor skills

Question 37

Obstacles to development of gross motor skills?

Answer 37

Urbanization, lack of peers/siblings

Question 38

Fine motor skills examples

Answer 38

Pouring milk, using knife and fork, drawing, buttoning Matures 6 months earlier in girls

Question 39

Obstacles to fine motor skill development

Answer 39

Limited myelination of the corpus callosum, short stubby fingers, opportunities for practice

Question 40

Are children externally or intrinsically motivated?

Answer 40

Intrinsic

Question 41

Do more children die from accidents or disease? (in the US)

Answer 41

4x as many children die from accidents as from disease Falls are more likely to kill children under the age of 2

Question 42

Leading causes of death among young children ages 2-6

Answer 42

Poison, fire, drowning

Question 43

Injury control

Answer 43

Accidents are not random and can be made less frequent. Injuries can be made less harmful

Question 44

Primary prevention

Answer 44

Changing the overall environment regardless of risk factors Ex: Speed limit signs all over town

Question 45

Secondary prevention

Answer 45

Targeting High Risk Areas with prevention measures Ex: Speed limit signs with lights near schools

Question 46

Tertiary prevention

Answer 46

After an accident there is quick transport and treatment Ex: The Golden Hour, ambulances

Question 47

The 2 categories of child maltreatment

Answer 47

Child abuse: Deliberate action harmful to a child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being Child neglect: Failure to meet child's basic physical, educational, or emotional needs

Question 48

Who are the most common perpetrators of child maltreatment

Answer 48

92% of the time, it is the parents

Question 49

Reported Maltreatment

Answer 49

The authorities have been informed

Question 50

Substantiated Maltreatment:

Answer 50

A case has been reported, investigated, and verified

Question 51

Signs of child maltreatment

Answer 51

Slow growth, immature communication, lack of curiosity, unusual social interaction

Question 52

Long term impacts of child maltreatment

Answer 52

Adult drug abuse, social isolation, poor health. Internalizing problems for girls (depression) Externalizing problems for boys (aggression)

Question 53

Permanency planning

Answer 53

Effort by child-welfare authorities to find long-term living situation that will provide stability and support. Either by supporting the original family or finding another home.

Question 54

Foster care

Answer 54

Legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family

Question 55

Kinship care

Answer 55

Form of foster care in which a relative of a maltreated child becomes the approved caregiver

Question 56

Adoption

Answer 56

Legal proceeding in which an adult or couple unrelated to a child is granted the joys and obligations of being the child's parents.