CHAPTER 7! Flashcards
(33 cards)
Encoding
Necessary to form a memory, The process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory. It involves transforming sensory input into neural codes the brain can use, like turning sounds into words or images.
Storage
Maintain memory after it happened/maintenance
Retrieval
How do we recover it/access information
The brain uses…
An active process
Attention
How much we are focusing on stimuli around you (Memory is negatively affected by inattention, especially when we are multitasking)
Levels of processing theory
Shallow (structural), Intermediate (phonemic), Deep (semantic)
Visual Imagery
Creation of images that represent words
Dual coding
Memories are Enhanced by forming semantic or visual codes.
sensory memory
preserved information through images (like a sparkler)
Short-term memory
Working memory, limited storage capacity
Long term memory
Unlimited capacity storage that can hold information over long periods
Flashbulb memories
memories that tend to be permanent HOWEVER these memories are not any more accurate than other memories
Schemas
Clusters of knowledge or set expectations about an object or event abstracted from prior experience
Retreival
Recovering the information later
When you are not able to retrieve information that feels as if it’s just out of reach you are experiencing…
tip of the tongue phenomenon
Retrieval cues
Any stimuli that help gain access to memories
When we retrieve info it’s not a replay of the past…
We pull up reconstructions of the past that can be distorted and include inaccurate information.
Misinformation effect
When you recall a memory but its altered by misleading post-event information
3 ways of Retention
1) Recall measure- requires a person to recall info on their own without cues
2) Recognition measure- Given an array of options to produce information (showing images to someone)
3) Retention measure- If asked to memorize info a second time speeds up your learning effort.
Interference Theory
suggesting that forgetting occurs because other memories interfere with the ability to retrieve information. There are two types: Proactive interference: Older memories disrupt the recall of newer ones.
Retroactive interference: Newer memories disrupt the recall of older ones.
Decay Theory
Over time memory traces fade away.
Repressed memory
memories were motivated to forget because there distressing, buried in unconscious
Retrograde Amnesia
Results in loss of memories for events that occurred BEFORE to event
Anterograde Amnesia
Results in loss of memories for events that occur after the injury
