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Microbiology Exam 2 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Hematopoietic pluripotent cells

A

Becomes either Common Myeloid or Common Lymphoid progenitor cells.

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2
Q

Common Myeloid progenitor

A

Becomes either erythrocyte, Megakaryocyte (platelets), neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte (macrophage).

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3
Q

Common lymphoid progenitor

A

Becomes B-cells, T-cells, or NK-Cells (lymphocytes)

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4
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

refers to the formation and development of the cells of the blood.

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5
Q

Recognition mechanism of innate immunity

A

Rapid response, fixed (specific), limited number of specificities, constant during response.

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6
Q

Recognition mechanism of acquired immunity

A

Slow response (days or weeks), variable, numerous highly selective specific, improve during response (memory).

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7
Q

Innate immunity

A

First line defense, phagocytosis, inflammation, complement.

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8
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Humoral immunity, cell mediated, Antigen processing and presentation.

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9
Q

Lysozyme

A

Destroys cell wall of gram (+) bacteria. Found in sweat glands and lacrimal glands.

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10
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A

Helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break or tear. Lowers skin pH to a level inhibitory to many bacteria

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11
Q

Sweat Glands

A

Salt inhibits growth of pathogens. Antimicrobial peptides act against microorganisms. Lysozyme destroys cell wall of Gram (+) bacteria

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12
Q

Activities of normal microbiota

A

Consumption of nutrients. Create an environment unfavorable to other microorganisms. Help stimulate the body’s second line of defense. Promote overall health by providing vitamins to host

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13
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Present in skin, mucous membranes, neutrophils.
Act against a variety of microbes. Work in several ways: by inducing holes in bacterial membranes and intracellular killing.

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14
Q

Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens

A

Complement proteins (serum), Antimicrobial peptides (all body secretions), and interferons (3 types).

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15
Q

Body’s Second Line of Defense (Innate immunity)

A

Phagocytic cells (blood and tissues), Nonspecific Chemical Defense Against Pathogens, Inflammation (fever).

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16
Q

Plasma

A

Mostly water containing electrolytes, dissolved gases, nutrients, and proteins.

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17
Q

Serum

A

The fluid remaining when clotting factors are removed. Includes iron-binding compounds, complement proteins and antibodies.

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18
Q

Buffy coat

A

WBCs and platelets

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19
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. 99.9% of formed elements.

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20
Q

Leukocytes

A

Involved in defending the body against invaders. divided into granulocytes and a granulocytes. WBCs and platelets make up 0.1% of formed elements.

21
Q

Basophil (Leukocyte)

A

Inflammation (second line of defense)

22
Q

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Monocyte (Leukocytes)

A

Phagocytosis (second line of defense)

23
Q

Lymphocyte (Leukocyte)

A

Adaptive immunity

24
Q

Neutrophil and Eosinophils

A

Phagocytize pathogens, capable of diapedesis (chemotaxis).

25
Q

Granulocytes

A

Basophils (Stain blue with methylene blue)
Esoinophils (Stain red/orange with acidic dye eosin)
Neutrophils (Stain lilac with mix of acidic and basic dyes)

26
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes (Most involved in adaptive immunity) and Monocytes (Leave blood and mature into macrophages)

27
Q

Lab analysis: Increased eosiniphils

A

Indicate allergies or parasitic worm infection.

28
Q

Bacterial diseases

A

Often show increase in leukocytes which are mostly neutrophils.

29
Q

Viral infections

A

Show increase in lymphocytes

30
Q

The events of phagocytosis

A

1) Chemotaxis of phagocytes to microbes
2) Adherence
3) Ingestion of microbes by phagocytes (in phagosome)
4) Fusion of lysosome
5) Killing of microbes be enzymes
6) Elimination (exocytosis)

31
Q

Killing by eosiniphils (Nonphagocytic Killing)

A

Attack parasitic helminths by attaching to their surface. Secret toxins that weaken helminth. Eosinophilia (elevated eosinophils) is often indicated of a helminth infestation.

32
Q

Killing by natural killer lymphocytes (Nonphagoctic Killing)

A

Secrete toxins onto surface of virally infected cells and tumors. Differentiate normal body cells because they have membrane proteins similar to the NK cells.

33
Q

Toll-like Receptors (Nonspecific Chemical Defense Against Pathogens)

A

Integral membrane proteins produced by phagocytic cells. Bind pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Initiate defensive responses: Apoptosis of infected cells, secretion of inflammatory mediators (interferons), production of stimulants of adaptive immune responses.

34
Q

Interferons (Nonspecific Chemical Defense Against Pathogens)

A

Protein molecules released by host cells to nonspecifically inhibit the spread of viral infections.
Cause many symptoms associated with viral infections: Type 1- non immune interferon (Alpha and beta). Type 2- immune interferon (Gamma)

35
Q

Complement (Nonspecific Chemical Defenses Against Pathogens)

A

Set of serum proteins designated numerically according to their order of discovery. Activated by proteolytic cleavage, forming a cascade of peptides. Complement components: Opsonins and chemotactic factors, indirect triggers of inflammation and fever, lysis of foreign cels.

36
Q

Complement pathways

A

Classical Pathway- activated by antibody molecules coating microbes
Alternate Pathway- Activated by surface components of microbes directly (PG & LPS)
Lectin pathway- Activated by microbial polysaccharides (sugars)

37
Q

Opsonins

A

An antibody or product of complement activation in blood serum that causes bacteria or other foreign cells to become more susceptible to the action of phagocytes.

38
Q

C3b

A

A split product of C3 which can bind to cell membranes and then an opsonin for neutrophils and macrophages.

39
Q

C3a and C5a (anaphylatoxins)

A

Smooth muscle contraction, Histamine release from mast cells, and enhanced vascular permeability.

40
Q

C5a

A

Is an chemotactic agent for neutrophils (PMN) and macrophages.

41
Q

C5678(9)

A

Membrane attack complex. Induces holes in cytoplasmic membrane of pathogens.

42
Q

Inflammation

A

Nonspecific response to tissue damage from various causes. Characterized by redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Can be local or systemic. Acute or Chronic.

43
Q

Acute inflammation

A

develops quickly and is short lived. Typically beneficial. Stages: Vascular events (Dilation and increased permeability of the blood vessels), Cellular events (Migration of phagocytes), tissue repair.

44
Q

Vascular events of inflammation

A

Dilation and increased permeability of vessels are mediated by: prostaglandins and leukotriens (produced by damaged cells), Histamine (released by mast cells and basophils), Anaphylotoxins (C3a and C5a components of complement cascade.

45
Q

Cellular events of inflammation

A

Leading to the phagocytes to the site of injury is mediated by; Release of chemotactic factors PMN and Macrophages. Chemotactic factors: C5a of complement cascade, Interleukin (IL-8) released by macrophages, C3b opsonises pathogens to increase uptake by phagocytic cells (Antibody IgG is also an opsonin).

46
Q

C3a and C5a fragments of Complement Cascade

A

Cause mast cells to release inflammatory mediators (cause vasodilatation of capillaries)

47
Q

Fever

A

Body temperature over 37 celsius. Results when pyrogens trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body’s core temperature.

48
Q

Pyrogens

A

Fever producing bacterial toxins. Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria released by lysis. Antibody-antigen complexes: These signal for the production of interleukin-I (IL-1) by macrophages.

Microbiology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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