Chapter 7 Flashcards
(40 cards)
Learning
A relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together. Even may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns that link to or more stimuli and anticipate events.
Behaviorism
The view that psychology (1) should be an objective signs that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
Unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, that unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers a response.
Conditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
In classical conditioning, and originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
Acquisition
In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one weeks a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
Higher-order conditioning
A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with the new neural stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food, might then learn that light predicts the tone and begins responding to the light alone.(Second order conditioning)
Extinction
The diminishing of it conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
Spontaneous recovery
The reappearance, after a pause, oven extinguished conditioned response.
Generalization
The tendency, once the response has been conditioned, stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.
Discrimination
In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
Respondent behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Operant conditioning
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on that environment, producing consequences.
Law of effect
Thorndike principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.
Operant chamber
In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as the Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate 15 at the or water reinforcer; attach devices record the animals rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
Shaping
In operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.
Reinforcer
In operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior follows.
Prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behaviors. The opposite of antisocial behavior.
Positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as big. A positive reinforcer at any stimulus that, when presented after months, strengthens the response.
Negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after response, strengthens the response. (Note negative reinforcement is not punishment)
