Chapter 9

Question 1

Cognition

Answer 1

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

Question 2

Concept

Answer 2

A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

Question 3

Prototype

Answer 3

A mental image or best example of a Thecategory. Matching new items for the type provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin.)

Question 4

Algorithm

Answer 4

A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also error-prone use of heuristics.

Question 5

Heuristic

Answer 5

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to meet judgments and solve problems efficiently usually speedier but also more air – prone and algorithms

Question 6

Insight

Answer 6

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy based solutions

Question 7

Confirmation bias

Answer 7

A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 8

Fixation

Answer 8

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

Question 9

Mental Set

Answer 9

A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often in a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 10

Functional fixedness

Answer 10

The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; and impediment to problem-solving.

Question 11

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 11

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well be seem to represent, or match, particular product types; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Question 12

Availability heuristic

Answer 12

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come ready to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.

Question 13

Overconfidence

Answer 13

The tendency to be more confident than correct – two overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Question 14

Belief perseverance

Answer 14

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

Question 15

Intuition

Answer 15

And effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 16

Framing

Answer 16

The way and issue is post; Helen issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

Question 17

Language

Answer 17

Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Question 18

Phoneme

Answer 18

In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

Question 19

Morpheme

Answer 19

In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; maybe word or part of the word (such as a prefix).

Question 20

Grammar

Answer 20

In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

Question 21

Semantics

Answer 21

A set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

Question 22

Syntax

Answer 22

The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

Question 23

Babbling stage

Answer 23

Beginning at about four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

Question 24

One-word stage

Answer 24

The stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

Question 25

Two-word stage

Answer 25

Beginning about age 2, the station's beach development during which a child speaks mostly two word statements.

Question 26

Telegraphic speech

Answer 26

Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram -"go car"- using mostly nouns and verbs.

Question 27

Aphasia

Answer 27

In impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Brokas area (Impairing speaking) or two Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).

Question 28

Brokas area

Answer 28

Controls language expression – an area of the frontal logo, usually and left hemisphere, that Drexton muscle movements involved in speech.

Question 29

Wernicke's area

Answer 29

Controls language reception – a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.

Question 30

Linguistic determinism

Answer 30

Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.