Chapter 7

Question 0

Parts of Proposition:

Answer 0

Subject & predicate (logical sense, not grammatical), quantity term, copula (tob be in present tense).

Question 1

Categorical Propositions

Answer 1

Relation of inclusion/exclusion (whole or partial) between classes

Question 2

Quantity:

Answer 2

all, none, some (at least one)
Affirmative or negative
some=at least one

Question 3

Standard form propositions: A E I O

Answer 3

A= universal affirmative
E= universal negative
I= Particular affirmative
O= Particular negative

Question 4

Translating English into standard form:

Answer 4

Conditionals as A or E propositions

Question 5

Venn Diagrams

Answer 5

• Way to represent relations between classes: Left circle = subject, Right circle = Predicate
• For universal propositions shaded out areas signify classes with no members (there is no “x”)
• For particular propositions (I and O), an “x” signifies where there is at least one member (there is no shading).

Question 6

Immediate inferences definition

Answer 6

Single premise arguments that are deductively invalid.

Question 7

Immediate Inferences:

Answer 7

-Modern Square of Opposition - Universal propositions on top, particular on bottom, propositions of same quality on same side.

Question 8

Contradiction (between A & O or Between E and I):

Answer 8

If one true, other false and vice versa.

Question 9

Conversion:

Answer 9

Switch subject for predicate - “I and E valid inference, otherwise not valid”.

Question 10

Existential Import definition:

Answer 10

Certain propositions assert the existence of an object (ex. some being equivalent to “there is at least one…”)

Question 11

Existential Import:

Answer 11

so: Interpret universal propositions to not have existential import - can refer to empty classes in this fashion.
- Particular propositions retain their existential import.

Question 12

Categorical Syllogism definition:

Answer 12

Argument containing two premises and one conclusion: all premises and conclusion are categorical propositions.

Question 13

In a categorical proposition, there are …

Answer 13

3 terms, each used twice.

Question 14

3 Terms in a categorical proposition: major, minor, middle

Answer 14

major term: is the predicate of the conclusion
minor term: subject of the conclusion
middle term: appearing only in the premises

Major premise is the premise where major term appears
Minor premise is the premise where minor term appears
Major premise is written first, the minor second.

Question 15

To determine validity for categorical syllogisms, we use:

Answer 15

Venn Diagrams

Question 16

Venn Diagrams to determine validity of categorical syllogisms require:

Answer 16

Drawing three intersecting circles (S on left, P on right and M in the middle) - Diagram only the premises (if one premise is universal, then that is to be diagrammed first.

Question 17

Once you have diagrammed the premises for the Venn diagram, if the conclusion is thereby already unequivocally diagrammed across __ and __ circles, then argument is ____. Otherwise the argument is _____

Answer 17

S , P , Valid, Invalid.