Chapter 9

Question 0

Effect:

Answer 0

Relation of bringing about between 2 events

Question 1

Cause

Answer 1

Event which makes another event happen

Question 2

Causation

Answer 2

Idea of regular succession (Not just succession)

Question 3

Statistical reasoning

Answer 3

provide facts

Question 4

Causal reasoning

Answer 4

explains what makes those facts the way they are

Question 5

Causal explanation

Answer 5

Involve certain facts and causal generalizations

Question 6

Causal Prediction

Answer 6

Causal inference bring facts under causal generalizations

Question 7

CG: For all x if x has feature F then ___ has feature ___

• Antecedent is _____ for ______
• Consequent is _____ for ______

Answer 7

X , G
Sufficient for Consequent
Neccessary for Antecedent

Question 8

Sufficient Condition Test

Answer 8

Sufficient condition need not be necessary: Anything that has F also has G.

Question 9

Sufficient Cond. Test: Any candidate that is _____ when G (target) _____ is eliminated as sufficient

Answer 9

Present, Absent

Question 10

If Candidate is present for SCTest, then it is ________.

–> This is the mark of ________ arguement.

Answer 10

Sufficient.

Inductive.

Question 11

Necessary Condition Test:

anything that lacks F _____ lacks G

Answer 11

Necessary Condition need not be sufficient [for antecedent].

Also

Question 12

NCtest:

Any _______ that is absent when ________ is present is eliminated as _____ condition.

Answer 12

Candidate, G (Target), Necessary

Question 13

Joint Test Definition:

We can combine ______ & ______.

Answer 13

Condition can be both necessary/sufficient.

NCT & SCT.

Question 14

Joint Test:

If _____ either SCT or NCT test, then cannot be jointly ____ & ____

Answer 14

Fail, Necessary & Sufficient.

Question 15

Rigorous Testing Definition:

Answer 15

In order for our tests to be rigorous, there must be possibility of failing.
–> Otherwise passing test is trivial (meaning anything, any condition can pass the test given any sit).

Question 16

Rigorous Testing (3 Conditions to affirm for condition to be suff.):

Answer 16

1. Test when Candidate is present
2. Test when Target is absent
3. No cases where Candidate is present & target is absent (Makes it sufficient).

Question 17

Rig Testing (3 Cond to affirm for Necessary):

Answer 17

1. Test when candidate is absent
2. Test when target is present.
3. No cases where candidate is absent and target present (Makes necessary).

Question 18

General assumptions of Rigorous testing (4):

Answer 18

1. All tests reply upon normal conditions & background assumptions.
2. Normality: normal cond apply.
3. Background assumptions (large stock of believe)
4. Common knowledge/specialized knowledge.

Question 19

Causes are:

Answer 19

the key components of sufficient conditions

–> candidates are the causes

Question 20

Causal factors:

Answer 20

Candidate that survives both tests (NCT & SCT), if they in will with system of other causal generalizations.

Question 21

If there’s a positive correlation between A and B in P (4):

Whenever there is a correlation, at least one of these options is ____

Answer 21

1. A causes B in P
2. B causes A in P
3. Some C causes both A and B in P
4. No causal connection between A and B.

*True.

Question 22

Concomitant Variation Definition:

Answer 22

When variations are highly correlated with one another, one is cause of other or both are caused by some other thing (or accident).
Ex. When A goes down, B also goes down.