Chapter 9 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Effect:
Relation of bringing about between 2 events
Cause
Event which makes another event happen
Causation
Idea of regular succession (Not just succession)
Statistical reasoning
provide facts
Causal reasoning
explains what makes those facts the way they are
Causal explanation
Involve certain facts and causal generalizations
Causal Prediction
Causal inference bring facts under causal generalizations
CG: For all x if x has feature F then ___ has feature ___
- Antecedent is _____ for ______
- Consequent is _____ for ______
X , G
Sufficient for Consequent
Neccessary for Antecedent
Sufficient Condition Test
Sufficient condition need not be necessary: Anything that has F also has G.
Sufficient Cond. Test: Any candidate that is _____ when G (target) _____ is eliminated as sufficient
Present, Absent
If Candidate is present for SCTest, then it is ________.
–> This is the mark of ________ arguement.
Sufficient.
Inductive.
Necessary Condition Test:
anything that lacks F _____ lacks G
Necessary Condition need not be sufficient [for antecedent].
Also
NCtest:
Any _______ that is absent when ________ is present is eliminated as _____ condition.
Candidate, G (Target), Necessary
Joint Test Definition:
We can combine ______ & ______.
Condition can be both necessary/sufficient.
NCT & SCT.
Joint Test:
If _____ either SCT or NCT test, then cannot be jointly ____ & ____
Fail, Necessary & Sufficient.
Rigorous Testing Definition:
In order for our tests to be rigorous, there must be possibility of failing.
–> Otherwise passing test is trivial (meaning anything, any condition can pass the test given any sit).
Rigorous Testing (3 Conditions to affirm for condition to be suff.):
- Test when Candidate is present
- Test when Target is absent
- No cases where Candidate is present & target is absent (Makes it sufficient).
Rig Testing (3 Cond to affirm for Necessary):
- Test when candidate is absent
- Test when target is present.
- No cases where candidate is absent and target present (Makes necessary).
General assumptions of Rigorous testing (4):
- All tests reply upon normal conditions & background assumptions.
- Normality: normal cond apply.
- Background assumptions (large stock of believe)
- Common knowledge/specialized knowledge.
Causes are:
the key components of sufficient conditions
–> candidates are the causes
Causal factors:
Candidate that survives both tests (NCT & SCT), if they in will with system of other causal generalizations.
If there’s a positive correlation between A and B in P (4):
Whenever there is a correlation, at least one of these options is ____
- A causes B in P
- B causes A in P
- Some C causes both A and B in P
- No causal connection between A and B.
*True.
Concomitant Variation Definition:
When variations are highly correlated with one another, one is cause of other or both are caused by some other thing (or accident).
Ex. When A goes down, B also goes down.