Chapter 9 Flashcards

(23 cards)

0
Q

Effect:

A

Relation of bringing about between 2 events

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1
Q

Cause

A

Event which makes another event happen

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2
Q

Causation

A

Idea of regular succession (Not just succession)

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3
Q

Statistical reasoning

A

provide facts

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4
Q

Causal reasoning

A

explains what makes those facts the way they are

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5
Q

Causal explanation

A

Involve certain facts and causal generalizations

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6
Q

Causal Prediction

A

Causal inference bring facts under causal generalizations

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7
Q

CG: For all x if x has feature F then ___ has feature ___

  • Antecedent is _____ for ______
  • Consequent is _____ for ______
A

X , G
Sufficient for Consequent
Neccessary for Antecedent

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8
Q

Sufficient Condition Test

A

Sufficient condition need not be necessary: Anything that has F also has G.

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9
Q

Sufficient Cond. Test: Any candidate that is _____ when G (target) _____ is eliminated as sufficient

A

Present, Absent

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10
Q

If Candidate is present for SCTest, then it is ________.

–> This is the mark of ________ arguement.

A

Sufficient.

Inductive.

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11
Q

Necessary Condition Test:

anything that lacks F _____ lacks G

A

Necessary Condition need not be sufficient [for antecedent].

Also

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12
Q

NCtest:

Any _______ that is absent when ________ is present is eliminated as _____ condition.

A

Candidate, G (Target), Necessary

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13
Q

Joint Test Definition:

We can combine ______ & ______.

A

Condition can be both necessary/sufficient.

NCT & SCT.

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14
Q

Joint Test:

If _____ either SCT or NCT test, then cannot be jointly ____ & ____

A

Fail, Necessary & Sufficient.

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15
Q

Rigorous Testing Definition:

A

In order for our tests to be rigorous, there must be possibility of failing.
–> Otherwise passing test is trivial (meaning anything, any condition can pass the test given any sit).

16
Q

Rigorous Testing (3 Conditions to affirm for condition to be suff.):

A
  1. Test when Candidate is present
  2. Test when Target is absent
  3. No cases where Candidate is present & target is absent (Makes it sufficient).
17
Q

Rig Testing (3 Cond to affirm for Necessary):

A
  1. Test when candidate is absent
  2. Test when target is present.
  3. No cases where candidate is absent and target present (Makes necessary).
18
Q

General assumptions of Rigorous testing (4):

A
  1. All tests reply upon normal conditions & background assumptions.
  2. Normality: normal cond apply.
  3. Background assumptions (large stock of believe)
  4. Common knowledge/specialized knowledge.
19
Q

Causes are:

A

the key components of sufficient conditions

–> candidates are the causes

20
Q

Causal factors:

A

Candidate that survives both tests (NCT & SCT), if they in will with system of other causal generalizations.

21
Q

If there’s a positive correlation between A and B in P (4):

Whenever there is a correlation, at least one of these options is ____

A
  1. A causes B in P
  2. B causes A in P
  3. Some C causes both A and B in P
  4. No causal connection between A and B.

*True.

22
Q

Concomitant Variation Definition:

A

When variations are highly correlated with one another, one is cause of other or both are caused by some other thing (or accident).
Ex. When A goes down, B also goes down.