Chapter 7

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Retention of information over time

Question 2

Paradox of Memory

Answer 2

Our memories are surprisingly good in some situations and surprisingly poor in others

Question 3

Memory Illusion

Answer 3

False but subjectively compelling memory

Question 4

Sensory Memory

Answer 4

Brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory

Question 5

Iconic Memory

Answer 5

Visual sensory memory

Question 6

Echoic Memory

Answer 6

Auditory sensory memory

Question 7

Short-term Memory

Answer 7

Memory system that retains information for limited durations

Question 8

Decay

Answer 8

Fading of information from memory over time

Question 9

Interference

Answer 9

Loss of information from memory because of competition from additional information

Question 10

Retroactive Interference

Answer 10

Interference with rention of old information due to acquisition of new information

Question 11

Proactive Interference

Answer 11

Interference with acquisition of newe information due to previous learning ofinformation

Question 12

Magic Number

Answer 12

The span of short term memory, according to George Miller: Seven plus or minus two pieces

Question 13

Chunking

Answer 13

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short-term memory

Question 14

Rehearsal

Answer 14

Repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory and promote the likelihood of transfer to long-term memory

Question 15

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 15

Repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory

Question 16

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 16

Linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory

Question 17

Levels of Processing

Answer 17

Depth of transforming information, which influences how well we remember it

Question 18

Long-term Memory

Answer 18

Relatively enduring retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences and skills

Question 19

Permastore

Answer 19

Type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent

Question 20

Primacy Effect

Answer 20

Tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Question 21

Recency Effect

Answer 21

Tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Question 22

Von Restorff Effect

Answer 22

Tendency to remember stilumi that are distinctive from other stimuli

Question 23

Serial Position Curve

Answer 23

Graph depicting both primacy and recency effects on people’s ability to recall items on a list

Question 24

Semantic Memory

Answer 24

Our knowledge of facts about the world

Question 25

Episodic Memory

Answer 25

Recollection of events in our lives

Question 26

Explicit Memory

Answer 26

Memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness

Question 27

Implicit Memory

Answer 27

Memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously

Question 28

Procedural Memory

Answer 28

Memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits

Question 29

Priming

Answer 29

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we've encountered similar stimuli

Question 30

Encoding

Answer 30

Process of getting information into our memory banks

Question 31

Mnemonic

Answer 31

A learning aid that enhances recall

Question 32

Storage

Answer 32

Process of keeping information in memory

Question 33

Schema

Answer 33

Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory

Question 34

Retrieval

Answer 34

Reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores

Question 35

Retrieval cues

Answer 35

Hints that makes it easier for us to recall information

Question 36

Recall

Answer 36

Generating previously remembered information

Question 37

Recognition

Answer 37

Selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Question 38

Relearning

Answer 38

Reacquiring knowledge that we'd previously learned but largely forgotten overtime

Question 39

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

Answer 39

Experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it

Question 40

Encoding Specificity

Answer 40

Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are soimilar to the conditions under which we learned it

Question 41

Context-Dependent Learning

Answer 41

Superior retrieval of memories when the external context if the original memories matches the retrieval context

Question 42

State-Dependent Learning

Answer 42

Superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding

Question 43

Long-term Potentiation

Answer 43

Long-lasting strengthening of the connections between two neurons after synchronous activation

Question 44

Long-term Depression

Answer 44

Long-lasting weakening of the connections between two neurons after low patterns of activation

Question 45

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 45

Loss of memories from our past

Question 46

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 46

Inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Question 47

Meta-memory

Answer 47

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Question 48

Infantile Amnesia

Answer 48

Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place at an early age

Question 49

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 49

Emotional memory that is extraordinarily vivid and detailed

Question 50

Source monitoring confusion

Answer 50

Lack of clarity about the origin of the memory

Question 51

Cryptoamnesia

Answer 51

Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else

Question 52

Suggestive memory techniques

Answer 52

Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Question 53

Misinformation effect

Answer 53

Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place