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Psychology 220 > Chapter 7 and 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 and 8 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Early childhood age is considered

A

2-6

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2
Q

Changes in ____ and _____ happen far more slowly in the preschool years

A

Weight and height

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3
Q

Height and weight changes

A

Each year, 5-8 cm in height

2.7 kilograms in weight

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4
Q

By age 5 or 6 children are

A

Running, jumping, hopping, galloping, climbing, and skipping

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5
Q

Preschoolers motor development changes

A

They make steady progress in motor development

Drawing shows how well they can use fine motor skills

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6
Q

Corpus callousum

A

Structure that connects the right and left hemispheres

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7
Q

Lateralization

A

The process through which brain functions are divided between the two hemispheres

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8
Q

Image of Brian with different districts and sections

Language, Logic, math…etc

A

It is a rough idea on where the skills learn in the brain. Not concrete, other stronger than others

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9
Q

Another important milestone in early childhood development is the ________ of the ____ ________

A

Myelinization of the reticular formation

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10
Q

Maturation of the ______ accounts for improvement in _______

A

Hippocampus

Memory function

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11
Q

Handedness

A

A strong preference for using one hand or the other

Develops between 2-6 years

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12
Q

_______ is a dominant gene

A

Right handedness

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13
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Inability for adults to remember more than a few events before they were 3

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14
Q

Health promotion and wellness

A

In Canada there has been a weight gain increase.

With 12% of children aged 2-5 being obese

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15
Q

What leads to weight gain

A

Too much tv and too much snacking

Also, tv shows promote unhealthy diets

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16
Q

How ___/___ aged 1-4 children go to the hospital for ______

A

4/1000

Accidents / injuries

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17
Q

Unintentional injuries account for slightly more than 25% of all ______ of children

A

Deaths

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18
Q

___% of injuries are preventable

A

90%

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19
Q

Adverse childhood experiences

A

Childhood stressors, ranging from day to day maltreatment to traumatic events

Promote negative health and social consequences

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20
Q

Most common form of ACE

A

Neglect (34%)

And exposure to intimate partner violence (34%)

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21
Q

4 catagories is ACES

A

Sociocultural factors
Characteristics of the child
Characteristics of the abuser
Household stress

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22
Q

____ are the largest catagory of maltreatment

A

Mothers (86%)

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23
Q

Exposure effect

A

The degree of intensity and duration of a stressor is related to the intensity of the response

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24
Q

Toxic stress response

A

Persistently elevated physiological arousel caused by strong, recurring unbated adversity

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25
Semiotic (symbolic) function
The understanding that one object or behavior can represent another
26
Preoperational stage
Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development Child become proficient with symbols Can’t think logically
27
Egocentrism
The young child’s belief that everyone sees and experiences the world the same way she does
28
Centration
The child thinks of the world in terms of one variable at a time Looks at glasses of water, only cares about height Any moving object is an animal
29
Conservation
The understanding that matter can change in appearance without changing in quantity Having 2 sets of 5 coins and spreading out one set to make it longer Child thinks there’s more coins
30
Theory of mind
A set of ideas that explains other people’s ideas, beliefs, desires, and behavior
31
False belief principle
An understanding that enables a child to look at a situation from another persons point of view and determine what kind of information will cause that person to have a false belief
32
Short term storage space
Neo-piagetian theory term for the working memory
33
Operational efficiency
Neo-piagetian term that refers to the maximum number of schemes that can be processes in working memory at one time
34
Meta memory
Knowledge about how memory works and the ability to control and reflect on ones own memory function
35
Metacognition
Knowledge about how the mind thinks and the ability to control and reflect on ones own thought processes Child listening to a book may forget main characters name, asks the reader what his name is
36
Vygotskys stages
Primitive Naive psychology Egocentric speech In growth
37
Primitive
Infants processes similar to those of animals
38
Naive psychology
Learns to use language to communicate but does not understand symbols
39
Egocentric speech
Uses language as a guide to solve problems Child walking down stairs “be carful”
40
In growth
Logical thinking results from internalization of speech acquired from children and adults in social world
41
Vygotaskys sociocultural theory
Social interactions are required for cognitive development Solutions to problems are socially generated and learned
42
Fast mapping
The ability to categorically link new words to real world referents
43
Grammar explosion
Period when the grammatical features of children’s speech become more similar to those of adult speech
44
Age 1: child knows _____ words Age 2: child knows _____ words Age 5: child knows _____ words
12 600 15,000
45
Inflections
Grammatical markers attached to words to indicate tense, gender, number, and the like, such as the use of the ending “Ed” to make the past tense
46
Overregularization
Attachment of regular inflections to irregular words Using “goed” instead of “went”
47
Phonological awareness
Children’s understanding of the sound patterns of the language they are acquiring
48
Invented spelling
A strategy young children with good phonological awareness skills use when they write
49
_____ plays a role in our ability to master ______
Language Numbers
50
Numeracy
The knowledge and skills required to effectively manage the mathematical demands of diverse situations
51
The first modern intelligence test was published in 1905 by Alfred Binet Thus test was known as
The intelligence quotient test | IQ test
52
IQ test
Ratio of mental age to chronological age
53
A newer more modern intelligence test
WISC-V
54
WISC-5
Child is presented with 5 primary indices Verbal comprehension, visual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed
55
Individual differences of intelligence
60% heredity | 40% environment
56
Family influences (environment) on intelligence
More interesting, complex environment Parental reaction and feedback Opportunity to explore and make mistakes Ask questions
57
Head start programs
It’s possible to modify trajectory of child’s intellectual development Enriched preschools offer 10iq points or higher
58
Readiness to learn at school
1) language and communication skills 2) academic skill 3) self regulation of learning 4) self control of behavior 5) social competence and independence
59
Social cognitive theory
The theoretical perspective that asserts the social and personality development in early childhood are related to improvements in the cognitive domain
60
Person perception
The ability to classify other according to categories such as age, gender, and race
61
Understanding rule catagories
Young children use classification skills to distinguish between social conventions and moral rules
62
Understanding others intentions
Young children understand intentions to some degree
63
Family relationships constitute the most important contributing factor to _______
Early childhood development
64
Attachment quality predicts _____________
Behavior during the preschool years
65
Children who are securely attached to parents experience ______
Fewer behavior problems
66
Parenting styles introduced by
Diana Baumrind
67
Parenting styles
Four aspects of family functioning 1) Warmth or nurturance 2) Clarity and consistency of rules 3) Levels of expectations 4) Communication between parent and child
68
Permissive parenting style
A style of parenting that is high in nuturenve Low in maturity demands, control, and communication
69
Authoritarian parenting style
Low in nuturence and communication High in control and maturity demands
70
Authoritative parenting style
High in nurturance, maturity demands, control, and communication
71
Most popular parenting type
Authoritative 33%
72
Discipline
Training, whether physical, mental, or moral that develops self control
73
2 problems that make discipline hard
Difficult to establish effects of dicscioline Research doesn’t know how intense and frequent effective discipline is
74
Poorer families have higher risked children of ______
Aggression and social withdrawal
75
Majority of home in Canada are _____
2 parent homes | 77%
76
Skip generation famalies
Grandparents raise their kids
77
Lone parent child issues
Child gets less attention, has more issues
78
Same sex parent
Predominantly lesbian There is no difference in these kids!!!
79
Divorce
Traumatic on child Children affects by many factors: poverty, parents fighting, disruptions of daily routine
80
Extended family
Social network of grandparents, aunts, uncles etc
81
Peer relations
Ages 2-6, having friends is imperative to the development of your social skills
82
Social skills
A set of behaviours that usually leads to being accepted as a play partner or friend
83
Solitary play
Playing alone All ages
84
Parallel play
Two children playing separately and alone but next to each other 14-18 months
85
Associative play
Toddler plays alone but engages with other kids playing Grabbing a LEGO block from sally or talking to Timmy 18 months
86
Cooperative play
Several children work together to accomplish a goal Build a super tower 3-4 years
87
Aggression
Behaviour intended to injure another person or damage an object
88
Physical aggression
Anger, fighting, kicking, hitting or biting
89
Indirect aggression
Gossiping, saying bad things about people, telling secrets
90
What gender has more indirect agegresison?
Girls! They’re bitches
91
Epigenetic view of aggression
We are born aggressive
92
Pro social behavior
Behaviour intended to help another person
93
Parents of altruistic chidren:
Create a loving and warm family climate Provide positive sentences to encourage children look to use their children for helpful things
94
Friendships
Important change in social behavior as it makes stable relationships
95
Effortful control
Controlling ones impulses
96
Temperament constitutes the foundation of ______
Personality
97
Categorical self
The self concept that tends to focus on visible characteristics
98
Emotional regulation
The ability to control emotional states and emotion related behavior
99
Empathy
The ability to identify with another person emotional state
100
Gender
The psychological and social associates and implications of biological sex
101
Gender identity
The ability to correctly label oneself and others as male or female
102
Gender stability
The understanding that gender is stable, lifelong characteristic
103
Gender constancy
Gender is a component of the self and not altered by external appearance
104
Gender schema theory
An approach to gender that says people use schemas to process info about themselves and others

Psychology 220 (10 decks)

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