CHAPTER 7 | BIOPSYCHOLOGY AND ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Question 1

Persistent use despite harmful consequences, involves both behavioral habits and biological changes

Answer 1

Addiction (Substance Use Disorder)

Question 2

Central in reward and reinforcement; target of dopamine release.

Answer 2

Nucleus accumbens

Question 3

DRUG MECHANISMS: Enhance neurotransmitter activity.

Answer 3

Agonists

Question 4

DRUG MECHANISMS: Block neurotransmitter activity.

Answer 4

Antagonists

Question 5

DRUG MECHANISMS: Strength of binding to receptor.

Answer 5

Affinity

Question 5

DRUG MECHANISMS: Ability to activate the receptor.

Answer 5

Efficacy

Question 6

plays a strong role (especially for early onset alcoholism).

Answer 6

Genetic predisposition

Question 6

• antagonizes the enzyme that metabolizes
  acetaldehyde

Answer 6

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Question 7

• block opiate receptors, decreasing pleasure from alcohol

Answer 7

Naloxone (Revia) and Naltrexone

Question 8

addictive, artificial substance developed in the 1800s as a safer alternative for morphine

Answer 8

Heroin (medication for opiate abuse)

Question 8

• stimulates same brain receptors and produces same effects as heroin and morphine
• gradually enters the blood and the brain with its effects rising slowly and avoiding the experience of “rush” that disrupts behavior

Answer 8

Methadone (medication for opiate abuse)

Question 9

Buprenorphine and Levomethadyle Acetate
(LAAM) (medication for opiate abuse)

Answer 9

do not end the addiction but satisfy the craving in a less dangerous manner

Question 9

• Symptoms: Sadness, hopelessness, anhedonia, fatigue, cognitive impairment.
• Genetics: Moderate heritability, interaction with environmental stressors.
• Hemisphere activity:
  ↓ Left prefrontal activity (positive mood).
  ↑ Right prefrontal activity (negative mood)

Answer 9

MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER

Question 10

Block serotonin, norepinephrine reuptake (with side effects).

Answer 10

Tricyclics

Question 11

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

Answer 11

Block monoamine oxidase, increasing neurotransmitter availability

Question 11

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Answer 11

Specific to serotonin (e.g., Prozac).

Question 12

activated by the reduction in sunlight, episodes of depression and lethargy typically recur
during particular seasons.

Answer 12

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Question 12

underactivity of serotonergic and noradrenergic
synapses

Answer 12

Monoamine Theory of Depression

Question 13

experienced by some women during pregnancy,
after they give birth, or both

Answer 13

Peripartum Depression

Question 14

decrease of neuroplastic processes in various
brain structures leading to loss of neuron and other neural pathology

Answer 14

Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression

Question 15

first antidepressant drug, originally marketed to treat tuberculosis

Answer 15

Iproniazid

Question 16

non-invasive delivery of repetitive magnetic
pulses at either high or low frequencies to specific cortical areas (prefrontal cortex)

Answer 16

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Question 17

an implanted
electrode of the white matter of the anterior
cingulate gyrus in the medial prefrontal cortex, continual pulses of electrical stimulation

Answer 17

Deep Brain Stimulation

Question 18

manic-depressive disorder, alternating between two poles: depression and mania

Answer 18

BIPOLAR DISORDER

Question 19

estless activity, excitement, laughter, excessive selfconfidence, rambling speech, and loss of inhibitions

Answer 19

MANIA

Question 20

treatment for bpd, stabilizes mood.

Answer 20

Lithium, Anticonvulsants (Valproate)

Question 20

- chronic fear that persists in the absence of direct threat (stress) - disrupts functioning, physiological stress reactions > tachycardia (rapid heartbeat), hypertension (high blood pressure), nausea, breathing difficulties, sleep disturbances, and high glucocorticoid levels

Answer 20

ANXIETY

Question 21

stress responses and extreme feelings of anxiety and worry about different activities or events

Answer 21

GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER

Question 22

pathological fear of public places and open spaces

Answer 22

AGORAPHOBIA

Question 23

recurrent rapid onset attacks of extreme fear and severe symptoms of stress (e.g., choking, heart palpitations, shortness of breath)

Answer 23

PANIC DISORDER

Question 24

deterioration in everyday functioning for at least 6 months for reasons not attributable to other disorders

Answer 24

SCHIZOPHRENIA

Question 25

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 25

Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech.

Question 26

Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 26

Emotional flatness, lack of motivation, poverty of speech.

Question 27

Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Answer 27

Impaired attention, memory, abstract thinking