CHAPTER 2 | NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
toward the back, surface of the back, or top of the head
A
DORSAL
2
Q
toward the stomach, surface of the chest, or bottom of the head
A
VENTRAL
3
Q
toward the rear or tail end
A
POSTERIOR
3
Q
toward the front or nose end
A
ANTERIOR
3
Q
below another part
A
INFERIOR
4
Q
above another part
A
SUPERIOR
5
Q
toward the side, away from the midline
A
LATERAL
6
Q
toward the midline, away from the side
A
MEDIAL
7
Q
opposite side of the body
A
CONTRALATERAL
7
Q
close to the point of origin (CNS)
A
PROXIMAL (SUPERIOR)
8
Q
more distant from the point of origin (CNS)
A
DISTAL (INFERIOR)
9
Q
same side of the body
A
IPSILATERAL
10
Q
plane that shows brain structure as seen from the front
A
CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE
11
Q
plane that shows brain structures as seen from the side
A
SAGITTAL PLANE
11
Q
plane that shows brain structure as seen from above
A
HORIZONTAL (TRANSVERSE) PLANE
12
Q
row or layer of cell bodies separated from other cell bodies by a layer of axons and dendrites
A
LAMINA
13
Q
set of axons within the CNS; fibers “project” from A onto B
A
TRACT (PROJECTION)
13
Q
set of cells perpendicular to the surface of the cortex
A
COLUMN
14
Q
protuberance on the surface of the brain
A
GYRUS (GYRI)
15
Q
set of axons in the periphery; from CNS to muscle or gland or from sensory organ to CNS
A
NERVE
15
Q
cluster of neuron cell bodies, usually within the sympathetic nervous system
A
GANGLION
16
Q
cluster of neuron cell bodies within CNS
A
NUCLEUS
17
Q
- central organ of the nervous
system - higher order thinking,
decision making, body’s
activities, emotions
A
BRAIN (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM)
17
Q
fold or groove that separates gyri
A
SULCUS (SULCI)
17
- long, fragile tube-like
structure at the end of the brain
stem to the bottom of the spine
- framework of the body
- brain and nerves
- movement, sensations, bodily
functions
- dorsal roots (i.e., dorsal root
ganglia): sensory information
and ventral roots: motor
information
SPINAL CORD (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM)
17
interacts with the external
environment
- types of nerves
a. Afferent Nerves:
sensory signals from
external environment to
CNS
b. Efferent Nerves:
motor signals from CNS
to skeletal muscles
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
18
coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from the body
NERVOUS SYSTEM
18
long, deep sulcus
FISSURE
19
- thoracic and lumbar areas
- preganglionic neurons: acetylcholine;
postganglionic neurons: norepinephrine or
epinephrine
SYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
20
regulates the body’s internal environment
- composed of afferent
(internal organs to
CNS) and efferent
(CNS to internal
organs) nerves
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
21
- craniosacral system
- cranial nerves and nerves from the sacral
spinal cord
- preganglionic and postganglionic neurons:
acetylcholine
PARASYMPATHETIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
22
sensory and motor functions
CRANIAL NERVES
23
smell
OLFACTORY NERVE
24
pupil constriction, accommodation, eye
movement (up, down, center), opening
eyelids
OCULOMOTOR NERVE
24
lateral rectus, eye movement
(lateral)
ABDUCENS NERVE
24
superior oblique, eye
movement (down, inward)
TROCHLEAR NERVE
25
25
hearing, balance
VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE
26
facial sensation, mastication
TRIGEMINAL NERVE
26
vision
OPTIC NERV
26
27
27
facial expression, taste, closing
eyelids, lacrimal, nose, palate
glands, submandibular and
sublingual salivary glands
FACIAL NERVE
27
27
tongue muscles
HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE
27
sternocleidomastoid (head
rotation), trapezius (lifts shoulders)
ACCESSORY NERVE
27
parasympathetic supply (heart,
heart, gut, lungs, larynx; sensation
to airway, motor to vocal cords)
VAGUS NERVE
27
27
sensation/taste (posterior tongue),
posterior pharynx, stylopharyngeus
(swallowing), parotid gland (salivation)
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE
28
- protective layers that cover the brain
- (1) dura mater, (2) arachnoid membrane, (3)
pia mater
MENINGES
28
- “tough mother”
- outer meninx
DURA MATER
29
- “pious mother”
- innermost meninx
PIA MATER
29
CEREBRUM THALAMUS LIMBIC SYSTEM
(EXTERNAL BRAIN STRUCTURES)
FOREBRAIN
29
(EXTERNAL BRAIN STRUCTURES) - below the
cerebral cortex and above the hindbrain
MIDBRAIN
30
(EXTERNAL BRAIN STRUCTURES) CEREBELLUM
PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA
HINDBRAIN
30
-body movement, balance, and coordination
HINDBRAIN
31
connect to the spinal cord via sensory and motor
nerves (i.e., cranial nerves)
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
31
“bridge”
- contains nuclei for several cranial nerves
- connects the cerebellum to the rest of the body
- unconscious movement and processes
PONS
32
autonomic, motor, sensory, behavioral, cognitive, and mood-related functions
RETICULAR FORMATION
33
regulation of noradrenaline: memory, arousal, stress response
LOCUS COERULEUS
34
equilibrium, posture, head position, clear vision with movement
VESTIBULAR NUCLEUS
35
receives coded information from the cochlea and sends them bilaterally to other auditory centers
COCHLEAR NUCLEUS
36
release of serotonin
RAPHE NUCLEI
37
-”roof”
- eye movements and approach/avoidance
movement
TECTUM
38
eating, drinking, temperature control, and reproductive
behaviors
- ANS, sleep-wake cycle, emotional response
HYPOTHALAMUS
38
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow between the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle
CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT
38
- detecting, localizing, orienting toward environmental
events
- motor responses, visuospatial attention, and
perceptual decision-making
SUPERIOR CULLICULUS (VISION)
38
-contains reticular formation
- arousal, consciousness, sleep-wake cycles,
movement coordination, and cardiovascular control
TEGMENTUM
39
processing of olfactory information
OLFACTORY BULB
39
ong-term memory formation, memory retrieval, spatial memory
HIPPOCAMPUS
40
- connected with the cerebellum, cerebrum, and spinal
cord
- motor control and maintenance of muscle tone
RED NUCLEUS
40
signal integration, frequency recognition, and pitch discrimination
INFERIOR CULLICULUS (HEARING)
41
movement control, executive functions, and limbic activity
SUSBTANTIA NIGRA
41
propagation and modulation of pain, sympathetic responses, learning and action of defensive and aversive behaviors
PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY
41
____ conveys message to the _____ regarding release of hormones
- damage: problems in motivated behavior
- pituitary gland synthesizes several hormones
HYPOTHALAMUS AND
PITUITARY GLAND
42
sensory information and muscle control mostly from the contralateral side of the body
HEMISPHERES
42
structures around the brainstem responsible for emotional behavior, learning, and formation of memory
LIMBIC SYSTEM
43
processing emotions, behavior regulation, autonomic
motor function
CINGULATE GYRUS
44
- “anteroom,” “inner chamber,” “bridal bed”
- top of the brainstem
- process sensory information before sending it to the
cerebral cortex, except olfactory information
- attention for a particular stimulus
THALAMUS
44
evaluating emotional information, especially fear
AMYGDALA
45
Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus. integral motivational and emotional behavior
BASAL GANGLIA
45
release acetylcholine based on the input of the
cerebellum and basal ganglia
BASAL FOREBRAIN
(NUCLEUS BASALIS)
45
- higher cognitive processes: problem solving,
memory, language, motivation, impulse control
- Primary Motor Cortex (Precentral Gyrus): fine
motor movements
- Prefrontal Cortex
1. posterior: movement
2. middle: working memory, cognitive control,
emotional reactions
3. anterior: decision-making
FRONTAL LOBE
45
- vision and recognition
- Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)
- damage: cortical blindness (no conscious visual perception
OCCIPITAL LOBE
45
auditory information and understanding spoken
language
- complex aspects of vision: perception of movement,
recognition of faces
- emotional and motivational behaviors
- smell, taste, memory, understanding music,
sexual behavio
TEMPORAL LOBE
46
- sensation and spatial information/awareness
- touch, taste, smell, eye-hand coordination, hand
movement
- Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Postcentral
Gyrus): information from touch receptors, muscle-
stretch receptors, and joint receptors
PARIETAL LOBE
46
- binding problem
- perception of sensations at the same time in approximately the same space
CEREBRAL CORTEX
