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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 7; Bone TIssue > Flashcards

Chapter 7; Bone TIssue Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

osteology

A

the study of bone

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2
Q

skeletal system

A

composed of bone, cartilages, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body

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3
Q

osseous tissue

A

connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals

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4
Q

mineralization (calcification)

A

the hardening process of bone

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5
Q

flat bones

A

thin curved bones

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6
Q

long bones

A

most important bones for movement

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7
Q

short bones

A

various bones that do not fit the flat or long bone groups

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8
Q

irregular bones

A

bones of odd shape such as vertebrae and some skull bones

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9
Q

compact (dense) bone

A

outer shell of dense white osseous tissue

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10
Q

medullary cavity (marrow cavity)

A

space that contains bone marrow

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11
Q

spongy (cancellous) bone

A

at the ends of the bones, the central space is occupied by a more loosely organized form of osseous tissue

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12
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of a bone

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13
Q

epiphysis

A

expanded head at each end of a bone

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14
Q

epiphyseal line

A

slightly denser spongy bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis

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15
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

remnant of a childhood growth zone

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16
Q

articular cartilage

A

the joint surface where one bone meets another is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

nutrient foramina

A

blood vessels penetrate into the bone through minute holes

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18
Q

periosteum

A

sheath covering over a bone

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19
Q

fibrous layer

A

tough, outer layer of collagen and an inner osteogenic layer of bone-forming cells

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20
Q

perforating fibers

A

some collagen fibers of the outer layer are continuous with the tendons that bind muscle to bone, and some penetrate into the bone matrix

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21
Q

endosteum

A

a thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity, covers all the honeycombed surfaces of spongy bone, and lines a canal system found throughout the compact bone

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22
Q

diploe

A

spongy layer in the cranium

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23
Q

osteogenic cells

A

stem cells that develop from embryonic mesenchyme and then give rise to most other bone cell types

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24
Q

osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

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25
osteocytes
former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited
26
lacunae
tiny cavities
27
canaliculi
slender channels
28
osteoclasts
bone-dissolving cells
29
ruffled border
the side of the osteoclast facing the bone surface that has many deep infoldings of the plasma membrane
30
resorption bays
pits that have etched into the bone surface
31
hydrocyapatite
a crystallized calcium phosphate salt
32
composite
a combination of two basic structural materials
33
osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease)
bone that is excessively brittle
34
sacrificial bonds
collagen molecules that break under stress, protecting a bone from fracture by dissipating some of the shock
35
concentric lamellae
layers of matrix concentrically around a central (haversian) canal and connected with each other by canaliculi
36
osteon (haversian system)
the basic structural unit of compact bone
37
perforating canals
central canals are joined by transverse or diagonal passages
38
circumferential lamellae
boundaries that run parallel to the bone surface
39
interstitial lamellae
the remains of old osteons that broke down as the bone grew and remodeled itself
40
spicules
rods or spines
41
trabeculae
thin plates
42
bone marrow
general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone, and the larger central canals
43
red bone marrow (myeloid tissue)
the marrow cavity of nearly every bone
44
hemopoietic tissue
tissue that produces blood cells
45
yellow bone marrow
no longer produces blood, although in the event of severe or chronic anemia, it can transform back into red bone marrow and resume its hemopoietic function
46
ossification (osteogenesis)
formation of bone
47
intramembranous ossification
produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle
48
endochondrial ossification
a process in which a bone develops from a preexisting model composed of hyaline cartilage
49
primary ossification center
near the middle of the cartilage where chondrocytes begin to inflate and die, while the thin walls between them calcify
50
primary marrow cavity
osteoclasts arrive in the blood and digest calcified tissue in the shaft
51
metaphysis
the region of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity
52
secondary ossification center
chondrocyte enlargement and death occur in the epiphysis of the model
53
secondary marrow cavity
expands outward from the center in all directions
54
epiphyseal plate
a thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities at one or both ends of the bone
55
zone of reserve cartilage
consists of typical hyaline cartilage with resting chondrocytes, not yet showing signs of transformation into bone
56
zone of cell proliferation
chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae
57
zone of cell hypertrophy
chondrocytes cease to multiply and begin to hypertrophy
58
zone of calcification
minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage
59
zone of bone deposition
within each column, the walls between the lacunae break down and the chondrocytes die
60
interstitial growth
cartilage growth from within, by the multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix in the interior
61
appositional growth
the deposition of new tissue at the surface
62
wolff's law of bone
states that the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it
63
mineral deposition (mineralization)
crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue
64
solubility product
critical value of hydroxyapatite crystals formed
65
ectopic ossification
abnormal calcification of tissues
66
calculus
a calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ
67
mineral resorption
the process of dissolving bone
68
hypocalcemia
calcium deficiency
69
tetany
the inability of the muscle to relax
70
trousseau sign
strong spasmodic flexion of the wrist and thumb and extension of the other fingers
71
laryngospasm
muscles of the larynx contract tightly
72
hypercalcemia
blood calcium excess
73
calcitriol
a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver, and kidneys
74
cholecalciferol
vitamin D3
75
rickets (osteomalacia in adults)
softness of bone
76
calcitonin
produced by C cells (clear cells) of the thyroid gland
77
osteoclast inhibition
calcitonin reduces osteoclast activity by as much as 70%
78
osteoblast stimulation
within an hour, calcitonin increases the number and activity of osteoblast, which deposit calcium into the skeleton
79
parathyroid hormone
secreted by the parathyroid glands, which adhere to the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
80
cortisol
inhibits osteoclast activity
81
estrogen
stimulates osteoblasts and adolescent growth
82
growth hormone
stimulates bone elongation and cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate
83
insulin
stimulates bone formation
84
parathyroid hormone
indirectly activates osteoclasts
85
testosterone
stimulate osteoblasts and promotes protein synthesis
86
thyroid hormone
essential to bone growth
87
vitamin A
promotes glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin sulfate) synthesis
88
vitamin C
required for collagen synthesis, bone growth, and fracture repair
89
vitamin D
normally functions as a hormone
90
orthopedics
branch of medicine for bones
91
stress fracture
a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone
92
pathological fracture
a break in a bone weakened by some other disease
93
nondisplaced fracture
one in which the bone pieces remain in proper anatomical alignment
94
displaced fracture
one in which at least one piece is shifted out of alignment with the other
95
comminuted fracture
a bone is broken into three or more pieces
96
greenstick fracture
bone is incompletely broken on one side but merely bent on the opposite side
97
fracture hematoma
blood clot in a bone
98
granulation tissue
soft fibrous mass
99
soft callus
patches of fibrocartilage
100
hard callus
bony collar
101
closed reduction
a procedure in which the bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery
102
open reduction
involved the surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments
103
osteoporosis
severe loss of bone density
104
osteitis demorans (pagat's disease)
excessive proliferation of osteoclasts and resorption of excess bone with osteoblasts attempting to compensate by depositing extra bone
105
osteomyelitis
inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow as a result of bacterial infection
106
osteosarcoma
most common type of cancer of bone

Anatomy and Physiology (8 decks)

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