Chapter 8; The Skeletal System Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
axial skeleton
A
forms the central supporting axis of the body
2
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appendicular skeleton
A
includes the bones of the upper limb and pectoral girdle and the bones of the lower limb and pelvic girdle
3
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sesamoid bones
A
form within some tendon in respond to strain
4
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sutural bones
A
extra bones in the skull
5
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articulated
A
dried bones held together by wires and rods to show their spatial relationships to each other
6
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disarticulated
A
bones taken apart so their surface features
7
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bone markings
A
ridges, spines, bumps, depressions, canals, pores, slits, cavities, and articular surfaces
8
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condyle (articulation)
A
a rounded knob that articulates with another bone
9
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facet (articulation)
A
a smooth, flat slightly concave or convex articular surface
10
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head (articulation)
A
the prominent expanded end of a bone, sometimes rounded
11
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crest (extension and projection)
A
a narrow ridge
12
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epicondyle (extension and projection)
A
an expanded region superior to a condyle
13
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line (extension and projection)
A
a slightly raised, elongated ridge
14
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process (extension and projection)
A
any bony prominence
15
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protuberance (extension and projection)
A
a bony outgrowth or protruding part
16
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spine (extension and projection)
A
a sharp, slender, or narrow process
17
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trochanter (extension and projection)
A
two massive processes unique to the femur
18
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tubercle (extension and projection)
A
a small, rounded processes
19
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tuberosity (extension and projection)
A
a rough elevated surface
20
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alveolus (depression)
A
a pit or socket
21
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fossa (depression)
A
a shallow, broad, or elongated basin
22
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fovea (depression)
A
a small pit
23
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sulcus (depression)
A
a groove for a tendon, nerve, or blood vessel
24
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canal (passage and cavities)
A
a tubular passage or tunnel in a bone
25
fissure (passage and cavities)
a slit through a bone
26
foramen (passage and cavities)
a hole through a bone, usually round
27
meatus (passage and cavities)
a canal
28
sinus (passage and cavities)
an air-filled space in a bone
29
sutures
immovable joints
30
cranial cavity
encloses the brain
31
orbits
eye sockets
32
foramina (singular foramen)
holes that allow passage for nerves and blood vessels
33
cranial bones
enclose the brain
34
cranium
braincase
35
meninges
membrane
36
dura mater
thickest and toughest layer against the cranium
37
foramen magnum
where the spinal cord meets the brain
38
calvaria
the dome of the top of the skull (skullcap)
39
supraorbital foramen or notch
supraorbital nerve, artery, and vein; ophthalmic nerve
40
carotid canal
internal carotid artery
41
external acoustic meatus
sound waves to eardrum
42
jugular foramen
internal jugular vein; glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves
43
foramen magnum
spinal cord, accessory nerve, vertebral arteries
44
hypoglossal canal
hypoglossal nerve to muscles of tongue
45
foramen ovale
mandibular division of trigeminal nerve, accessory meningeal artery
46
foramen rotundum
maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
47
optic canal
optic nerve, ophthalmic artery
48
superior orbital fissure
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic veins
49
superior orbital fissure
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens nerves, ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve, ophthalmic veins
50
inferior orbital fissure
infraorbital nerve, zygomatic nerve, infraorbital vessels
51
infraorbital foramen
infraorbital nerve and vessels
52
mental foramen
mental nerve and vessels
53
mandibular foramen
inferior alveolar nerves and vessels to the lower teeth
54
base
floor
55
anterior cranial fossa
crescent-shaped and accommodates the frontal lobes of the brain
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middle cranial fossa
drops abruptly deeper, and accommodates the temporal lobes
57
posterior cranial fossa
deepest and houses a large posterior division of the brain called the cerebellum
58
frontal bone
extends from the forehead back to a prominent coronal suture
59
coronal suture
crosses the crown of the head from right to left and joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones
60
supraorbital margin
ridge deep to the eyebrows
61
supraorbital foramen
provides passage for a nerve, artery, and veins
62
supraorbital notch
the edge of this foramen breaks through the margin of the orbit
63
glabella
smooth area of the frontal bone just above the root of the nose
64
parietal bones
form most of the cranial roof and part of its walls
65
sagittal suture
between the parietal bones
66
coronal suture
anterior margin
67
lambdoid suture
the posterior margin
68
parietal foramen
an exit for a small vein from a blood sinus atop the brain
69
temporal lines
form an arc across the parietal and frontal bones
70
temporalis muscle
chewing muscle that converges on the mandible
71
temporal bone
forms the lower wall and part of the floor of the cranial cavity
72
squamous part
relatively flat and vertical, encircled by the squamous suture
73
zygomatic process
extends anteriorly to form part of the zygomatic arch
74
mandibular fossa
a depression where the mandible articulates with the cranium
75
tympanic part
small ring of bone that borders the opening of the external acoustic meatus
76
external acoustic meatus
ear canal
77
styloid process
provides attachment for muscles of the tongue, pharynx, and hyoid bone
78
mastoid part
lies posterior to the tympanic part
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mastoid process
a prominent lump behind the earlobe and is filled with small air sinuses that communicate with the middle-ear cavity
80
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid process
81
mastoid notch
a groove lies medial to the mastoid process
82
digastric muscle
opens the mouth
83
stylomastoid foramen
a passage for the facial nerve
84
mastoid foramen
passes a small artery and vein from the brain
85
petrous part
houses the middle and inner ear cavities that separates the cranial fossa from the posterior fossa
86
internal acoustic meatus
an opening on its posteromedial surface, allows passage of a nerve that carries signals for hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brain
87
carotid canal
passage for the internal carotid artery
88
jugular foramen
a large, irregular opening just medial to the styloid process, between the temporal and occipital bones
89
occipital bone
forms near the rear of the skull and much of its base
90
foramen magnum
admits the spinal cord to the cranial cavity
91
basilar part
the occipital bone continues anterior to this as a thick median plate
92
occipital condyle
where the skull rests on the vertebral column
93
hypoglossal canal
passes through it to innervate the muscles of the tongue
94
condylar canal
found posterior to each occipital condyle
95
external occipital protuberance
prominent medial bump on the occipital bone
96
nuchal ligament
binds the skull to the vertebral column
97
superior nuchal line
a ridge that can be traced horizontally from the external occipital protuberance toward the mastoid process
98
inferior nuchal line
provides attachment for some of the deep neck muscles
99
sphenoid bone
complex shape with a thick median body and outstretched greater and lesser wings which give the bone as a whole a ragged mothlike shape
100
optic canal
permits passage of the optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
101
anterior clinoid processes
a pair of bony spines of the lesser wing that appears to guard the optic foramina
102
superior optical fissure
a gash in the posterior wall of the orbit
103
sella turcica
consists of a deep pit called the hypophyseal fossa, which houses the pituitary gland
104
tuberculum sellae
a raised anterior margin
105
dorsum sellae
posterior margin
106
foramen rotundum and foramen ovale
passages for two branches of the trigeminal nerve
107
foramen spinosum
provides passage for an artery of the meninges
108
foramen lacerum
an irregular gash that occurs at the junction of the sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones
109
posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
internal openings of the nasal cavity
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medial and lateral pterygoid plates
lateral to each aperture, the sphenoid bone exhibits a pair of parallel plates
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pterygoid process
narrow inferior extension between each plate
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ethmoid bone
anterior cranial bone located between the eyes that contributes to the medial wall of the orbit, the roof and walls of the nasal cavity, and the nasal septum
113
perpendicular plate
a thin median plate of bone that forms the superior two-thirds of the nasal septum
114
vomer
lower part of perpendicular plate
115
nasal fossae
the septum divides the nasal cavity into right and left air spaces
116
cribriform plate
forms the roof of the nasal cavity
117
crista galli
an attachment point for the dura mater
118
cribiform (olfactory) foramina
elongated depressed area perforated with numerous holes
119
olfactory bulbs
rests in the cribriform foramina that are concerned with the sense of smell
120
labyrinth
large mass on each side of the perpendicular plate
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ethmoidal cells
maze of air spaces
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superior and middle nasal conchae
project into the nasal fossa from its lateral wall toward the septum
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inferior nasal concha
largest of the three is a separate bone
124
facial bones
do not enclose the brain but lie anterior to the cranial cavity, they support the orbital, nasal, and oral cavities, shape the face, and provide attachment for the muscles of facial expression and mastication
125
maxillae
largest facial bones that form the upper jaw and meet each other at a median intermaxillary suture
126
alveolar processes
small joints of maxillary bone
127
alveolus
deep socket that holds the root of each tooth
128
infraorbital foramen
provides passage for a blood vessel to the face and a nerve that receives sensations from the nasal region and cheek
129
inferior orbital fissure
a gash that angles downward and medially
130
palate
forms the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity
131
hard palate
bony anterior part of mouth
132
soft palate
fleshy posterior part of mouth
133
palatine processes
horizontal extensions of the maxilla
134
incisive fossa
a passage for an artery to the palate and a nerve to the lower part of the nasal septum and the six front teeth
135
cleft palate
failure of palatine process to join normallly
136
palatine bones
divide the oral and nasal cavities from each other posteriorly
137
horizontal plate
form the posterior one-third of the bony palate
138
perpendicular plate
thin, delicate, irregularly shaped plate that forms part of the wall between the nasal cavity and the orbit
139
greater palatine foramen
nerve passage to the palate
140
zygomatic bones
form the angles of the cheeks at the inferolateral margins of the orbits and part of the lateral wall of each orbit
141
zygomaticofacial foramen
each zygomatic bone has an inverted T shape and near the intersection of the stem and crossbar of the T
142
lacrimal bones
form part of the medial wall of each orbit
143
lacrimal fossa
houses a membranous lacrimal sac in life
144
nasal bones
form the bridge of the nose and support cartilages that shape its lower portion
145
ramus
vertical to oblique posterior portion
146
angle
two portions meet at a corner
147
mental symphysis
median cartilaginous joint at the point of the chin
148
mental protuberance
point of the chin
149
mental foramen
permits the passage of nerves and blood vessels of the chin
150
masseter
muscle of mastication
151
condylar process
posterior branch of the ramus
152
mandibular condyle
an oval knob that articulate with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
153
temporomandibular joint
meeting of the condyle with the temporal bone forming a hinge
154
coronoid process
anterior branch of the ramus
155
mandibular notch
u-shaped arch between the two processes
156
mandibular foramen
on the medial surface of the ramus
157
auditory ossicles
consists of the malleus, incus, and stapes
158
hyoid bone
a slender u-shaped bone between the chin and larynx
159
stylohyoid ligaments and muscles
parts of the styloid process of the skull
160
greater and lesser horns (cornua)
hornlike projections
161
fontanelles
spaces between the unfused cranial bones
162
metopic suture
forms in kids if there frontal bones did not close
163
vertebral column (spine)
physically supports the skull and trunk, allows for their movement, protects the spinal cord, and absorbs stresses produced by walking, running, and lifting
164
vertebrae
chain of 33 in spine
165
cervical vertebrae
7 vertebrae in the neck
166
thoracic vertebrae
12 vertebrae in the chest
167
lumbar vertebrae
5 in the lower back
168
coccygeal vertebrae
4 tiny ones at the very bottom of the spine
169
primary curvatures
primary at birth
170
secondary curvature
develop later
171
centrum
body of a vertebrae
172
vertebral foramen
triangular space posterior to the body of each vertebra
173
vertebral canal
a passage for the spinal cord
174
vertebral arch
consists of the pedicle and lamina
175
spinous process
a projection that extends from the apex of the arch
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transverse process
extends laterally from the point where the pedicle and lamina meet
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superior articular processes
projects upward from one vertebra and meets a similar pair of inferior articular processes that projects downward from the vertebra above
178
intervertebral foramen
an opening between their pedicles
179
nucleus pulposus
surrounded by a ring of fibrocartilage
180
anulus fibrosus
a ring of fibrocartilage
181
herniated disc
out-pouch of nucleus
182
atlas
vertebra c1 (it supports the head in a manner reminiscent by Zeus to carry the heavens)
183
lateral mass
on each side of vertebral foramen
184
superior articular facet
deeply concave that articulates with the occipital condyle of the skull
185
inferior articular facets
comparatively flat or only slightly concave, articulate with C2
186
anterior and posterior arch
connects the lateral masses
187
anterior and posterior tubercle
slight protuberances
188
axis
vertebra c2 that allows rotation of the head as in gesturing "no"
189
dens (odontoid process)
prominent knob
190
transverse ligament
hold the vertebral foramen of the atlas
191
atlanto-occipital joint
the articulation between the atlas and the cranium
192
atlantoaxial joint
the one between the atlas and axis
193
transverse foramen
prominent round thingy that is in each transverse process
194
nuchal ligament
attachment provided by bifid for the back of the neck
195
vertebral arteries
supply the blood to the brain
196
vertebral veins
drain blood from various neck structures
197
vertebra prominens
c7
198
transverse costal facet
shallow cuplike feature at the end of each transverse process
199
costal facets
small, smooth, slightly concave spots
200
sacrum
bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle
201
sacral vertebrae
lowest part of spine
202
anterior sacral (pelvic) foramina
allow for passage of nerves and arteries to the pelvic organs
203
median sacral crest
ridge that was the spinous processes of the vertebrae before fusion
204
lateral sacral crest
tranverse processes fuse into a less prominent feature on each side of the median crest
205
posterior sacral foramina
four pairs of openings for spinal nerves
206
sacral canal
runs through the sacrum and ends in an inferior opening called the sacral hiatus
207
sacral hiatus
inferior opening
208
auricular surface
ear-shaped region on each side of the sacrum
209
sacroiliac joint
strong, nearly immovable feature that is on the hip bone
210
sacral promontory
supports the body of vertebra L5
211
superior articular processes
articulates with the vertebra L5
212
alae
large, rough, winglike extensions
213
coccygeal vertebrae
four tiny features that fuse by age 20-30 that form the coccyx
214
coccyx
made from 4 vertebrae that are fused
215
horns (cornua)
serve as an attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum
216
thoracic cage
consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs
217
costal margin
arc of lower ribs
218
sternum
bony plate anterior to the heart
219
manubrium
broad superior portion, shaped like the knot of a necktie
220
suprasternal (jugular) notch
between the two clavicles
221
clavicular notches
articulates with the clavicles
222
gladiolus
longest part of the sternum
223
sternal angle
can be palpated as a transverse
224
siphoid process
provides attachment for some of the abdominal muscles
225
ribs
12 pairs
226
costal cartilage
anterior attachment is by way of a long strip of hyaline cartilage
227
tubercle
point of attachment to the transverse costal facet of the same vertebra
228
superior articular facet
joins the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above
229
inferior articular facet
joins the superior costal facet of vertebra below
230
costal groove
marks the path of the intercostal blood vessels and nerve
231
true ribs
ribs 1-7
232
false ribs
ribs 8-12
233
floating ribs
ribs 11 and 12
234
pectoral girdle
supports the arm and links it to the axial skeleton
235
clavicle
collarbone
236
scapula
shoulder blade
237
sternoclavicular joint
medial end of the clavicle articulation with the sternum
238
acromioclavicular joint
lateral end articulates with the scapula
239
glenohumeral joint
scapula articulates with the humerus
240
sternal end
rounded, hammerlike head
241
acromial end
markedly flattened
242
conoid tubercle
a ligament attachment that faces toward the rear and slightly downward
243
acromion
platelike extension of the scapular spine that forms the apex of the shoulder
244
coracoid process
vague resemblance to a crew's beak
245
glenoid cavity
shallow socket that articulates with the head of the humerus, forming the glenohumeral joint
246
humerus
head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
247
anatomical neck
smooth surface of the head is bordered by a groove
248
intertubercular sulcus
between the greater and lesser tubercles that accomodates a tendon of the biceps muscle
249
surgical neck
narrowing of the bone just distal to the tubercles
250
deltoid tuberosity
an insertion for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder
251
capitulum
lateral side of the humerus that is shaped like a wide tire and articulates with the radius
252
trochlea
pulleylike and articulates with the ulna
