Chapter 3; Cellular Form and Function Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
Cytology
A
scientific study of cells
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cellulae
A
little cells
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cytoplasm
A
fluid within cells
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spontaneous generation
A
the living things arise form nonliving matter
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cell theory
A
the theory that all things are made of cells
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squamous
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thin, flat, scaly shape, often with a huge bulge where the nucleus is
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cuboidal
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squarish-looking in frontal sections and about equal in height and width
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columnar
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distinctly taller than wide
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polygonal
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having irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides
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stellate
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having multiple pointed processes projecting from the body of a cell
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spheroidal to ovoid
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round to oval
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discoid
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disc-shaped
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fusiform
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spindle-shaped, elongated, with a thick middle and tapered ends
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fibrous
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long, slender, and threadlike
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micrometer
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one millionth of a meter, one thousandth of a millimeter
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empty magnification
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if enlargement fails to reveal any ore useful detail
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scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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produces dramatic three-dimensional images at high magnification and resolution
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vascular corrosion
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visually stunning application of SEM
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plasma (cell) membrane
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a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins which forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell
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organelles
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diverse structures that perform various metabolic tasks for the cell
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inclusions
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foreign matter or stored cell products
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cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF)
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clear gel inside the cytoskeleton, organelles, and inclusions
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extracellular fluid (ECF)
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fluids not contained in the cells
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tissue fluid (intersitital)
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the ECF located amid the cells
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intracellular face
the side that faces the cytoplasm
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extracellular face
side that faces outward
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glycocalyx
a carbohydrate coating on the cell surface with multiple functions described shortly
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integral proteins
penetrate into the phospholipid layer or all the way through it
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transmembrane proteins
those that pass through completely through
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peripheral proteins
do not protrude into the phospholipid layer but adhere to one face of the membrane
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receptors
cell communicators
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second-messenger systems
when a messenger binds to a surface receptor, it may trigger changes within the cell that produce a second messenger in the cytoplasm
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enzymes
carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules
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enzymes
carry out the final stages of starch and protein digestion in the small intestine, help produce second messengers, and break down hormones and other signaling molecules
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channel proteins
proteins that move through channels
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leak channels
channels that are always open and allow materials to pass through continually
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gates (gated channels)
channels that open and close under different circumstances and allow solutes through at some times, but not others
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ligand-gated channels
respond to chemical stimuli
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voltage-gated channels
respond to changes in electrical potential across the plasma membrane
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mechanically gated channels
respond to physical stress on a cell
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channelopathies
defects in channel proteins are responsible for a family of disease
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carriers
transmembrane proteins that bind to glucose, electrolytes, and other solutes and transfer them to the other side of the membrane
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pumps
carriers that sometimes consume ATP in the process of transfer
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cell-identify markers
glycoproteins contribute to the glycocalyx that enables our bodies to tell which cells belong to it and which are foreign invaders
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cell-adhesion molecules
cells adhere to one another and to extracellular material through membrane proteins
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G protein
named for the ATP-like chemical, guanosine triphosphate (GTP), from which they get their energy
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adenylate cyclase
when activated by the receptor, a G protein relays the signal to another membrane protein
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cyclic AMP
adenylate cyclase removes two phosphate groups from ATP and converts it to cAMP
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kinases
cyclic AMP then activates cytoplasmic enzymes
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glycocalyx
fuzzy coat made of the carbohydrate moieties glycolipids and glycoproteins
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microvilli
extensions of the plasma membrane that serve primarily to increase a cell's surface area
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brush border
on some cells, they are very dense and appear as a fringe
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terminal web
actin filaments attach to the inside of the plasma membrane at the tip of the microvillus, and at its base they extend a little way into the cell and anchor the microvillus to a protein mesh
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primary cilium
a few micrometers long whose function is unknown
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ciliopathies
cilia that are responsible for several hereditary disease
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ventricles
internal cavities
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efferent ductules
short ducts
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power stroke
each cilium bends stiffly forward and produces a power stroke that pushes along the mucus or other matter
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recovery stroke
occurs after a power stroke that restores it to the upright position, ready to flex again
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chloride pumps
in the apical plasma membrane that produce the layer by pumping CI- into ECF
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axoneme
the structural basis for ciliary movement
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microtubules
an array of thin protein cylinders
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basal body
anchors the cilium
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dynein arms
helps the dynein "crawl" up the adjacent pair of microtubules
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flagellum
the whip-like tail of the sperm
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9+2 structure
two central microtubules surrounded by a ring of nine microtubule pairs
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9+0 structure
the primary cilia, which cannot move, lack the two central microtubules but still have the nine peripheral pairs
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pseudopods
cytoplasm-filled extensions of the cell varying in shape from fine, filamentous processes to blunt fingerlike ones
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amoeba
a freshwater organism that crawls and captures food by means of pseudopods
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neutrophils
white blood cells that crawl about like amebae by means of fingerlike pseudopods
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macrophages
tissue cells that are derived from certain white blood cells-reach out with thin filaments pseudopods to snare bacteria and cell debris and "reel them in" to be digested by cleaned up
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selectively permeable
allows some things through
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carrier-mediated
use a membrane protein to transport substances from one side of the membrane to the other, but some transport processes do not involve carriers
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simple diffusion
the net movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a place of lower concentration as a result of their constant, spontaneous motion
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dialysis membranes
membranes in which dialysis diffusion occurs for kidney patients
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temperature
diffusion is driven by the kinetic energy of the particles, and temperature is a measure of that kinetic energy
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molecular weight
heavy molecules move more sluggish and diffuse more slowly
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"steepness" of the concentration gradient
the steepness of a gradient refers to the concentration difference between two points
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membrane surface area
the apical surface of cells specialized for absorption
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membrane permeability
diffusion through a membrane depends on how permeable it is to the particles
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osmosis
the net flow of water from one side of a selectively permeable membrane to the other
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hydration sphere
formed by the accumulation of water on the high-solute side is that when water molecules encounter a solute particles
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aquaporins
channel proteins for water
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hydrostatic pressure
when water is heavier on one side than the other
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osmotic pressure
when hydrostatic pressure is required on one side to halt osmosis
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reverse osmosis
a process in which a mechanical pressure applied to one side of the system can override osmotic pressure
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capillary filtration
the heart drives water out of the smallest blood vessels by reverse osmosis
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osmolarity
osmotic concentration
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milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L)
a unit of measure that expresses the quantity of nonpermeating particles per liter of solution
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tonicity
the ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in a cell
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hypotonic
a lower concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the intracellular fluid (ICF)
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hypertonic
one with a higher concentration of nonpermeating solutes than the ICF
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isotonic
total concentration of nonpermeating solutes is the same as in the ICF
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carrier-mediated transport
a solute binds to a carrier in the plasma membrane, which then changes shape and releases the solute to the other side
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specificity
when a certain enzyme carrier cannot transport their stuff
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saturation
solute concentration increases
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transport maximum
the carriers are saturated-no more are available to handle the increased demand and transport levels off at a rate
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uniport
carries only one type of solute
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cotransport
some carriers move two or more solutes through a membrane simultaneously in the same direction
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symport
carrier protein that performs
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countertransport
other carriers move two or more solutes in opposite directions
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antiport
carrier protein during countertransport
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sodium-potassium pump
continually removes Na+ from the cell and brings in K+
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facilitated diffusion
carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a membrane down its concentration gradient
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primary active transport
a process in which a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane up its concentration gradient using energy provided by ATP
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secondary active transport
requires an energy input, but depends only indirectly on ATP
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regulation of cell volume
certain anions are confined to the cell and cannot penetrate the plasma membrane
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resting membrane potential
all living cells have an electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane
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heat production
when the weather turns chilly, we turn up not only the furnace in our home but also the "furnace" in our body
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vesicular transport
move large particles, droplets of fluid, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane, contained in bubble like vesicles of membrane
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vesicles
structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer
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endocytosis
vesicular processes that bring matter into a cell
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exocytosis
those that release material from a cell
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phagocytosis
process of engulfing particles
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phagosome
a vesicle in the cytoplasm surrounded by a unit membrane
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phagolysosome
a lysosome merges with the phagosome, converting it to phagolysosome
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pinocytosis
process of taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules of some use to the cell
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pinocytotic vesicles
is a mode of endocytosis in which small particles suspended in extracellular fluid are brought into the cell through an invagination of the cell membrane,
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clathrin
pit coated with a peripheral membrane protein
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low-density lipoproteins
protein-coated droplets of cholesterol and other lipids of cholesterol and other lipids in the blood
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clathrin coated vesicles
most prominent form of traffic from the plasma membrane to endosomes (endocytosis), a pathway by which ligands enter cells.
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exocytosis
a process of discharging material from a cell
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microfilaments (thin filaments)
about 6 nm thick and are made of the protein actin
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terminal web (membrane skeleton)
fibrous mat on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane
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intermediate filaments
thicker and stiffer than microfilaments
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microtubules
are cylinders made of 13 parallel strands called protofilaments
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centrosome
microtubules radiate from an area of the cell
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tubulin
each protofilament is a long chain of globular proteins
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organelles
internal structures of a cell that carry out specialized metabolic tasks
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membranous organelles
structures that are surrounded by membranes
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nucleus
largest organelles and usually the only one clearly visible with the light microscope
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anuclear
no nucleus
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multinuclear
2-50 nuclei
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nuclear envelope
double membrane
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nuclear pore complex
ring of proteins
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nuclear lamina
a narrow but densely fibrous zone composed of intermediate filaments
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nuclear pores
structure that is made up of a collection of 30 different proteins called nucleoporins that assemble to form the complete nuclear pore complex (NPC).
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chomatin
fine threadlike matter composed of DNA and protein
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neucloli
one or more dark-staining masses
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endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (little network within the cytoplasm)
interconnected channels called cisterns enclosed by a unit membrane
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cisterns or cisternae
interconnected channels
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rough ER
cisternae are parallel, flattened sacs covered with granules called ribosomes
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smooth ER
cisternae are more tubular, branch more extensively and lack ribosomes
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ribosomes
small granules of protein and RNA found in the nucleoli, in the cytosol, and on the outer surfaces of the rough ER and nuclear envelope
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Golgi complex
a small system of cisternae that synthesize carbohydrates and put the finishing touches on protein and glycoprotein synthesis
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Golgi vesicles
bud off the swollen rim of a cisterna and are abundant in Golgi complex
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secretory vesicles
stores the cell product for later release
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lysosome
a package of enzymes bounded by a membrane
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autophagy
lysosomes also digest and dispose of surplus or nonvital organelles and other cell components in order to recycle their nutrients to more important cell needs
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autolysis
the digestion of surplus cells by their own lysosomal enzymes
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peroxisomes
resemble lysosomes but contain different enzymes and are produced by the ER rather than the Golgi complex
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proteasome
protein disposal is the function of another structurally simple organelle
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mitochondria
organelles specialized for synthesizing ATP
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cristae
the inner membrane usually has folds that project like shelves across the organelle
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matrix
the space between the cristae
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centriole
short cylindrical assembly of microtubules, arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each
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inclusions
two kinds, accumulated cell products and foreign bodies and other debris
