Chapter 6; The Integumentary System Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
dermatology
A
branch of medicine specializing in the care and treatment of the skin
2
Q
integumentary system
A
consists of the skin, hair, nails, and their associated glands
3
Q
skin (integument)
A
the body’s largest and heaviest organ
4
Q
epidermis
A
outer layer of skin (stratified squamous epithelium)
5
Q
dermis
A
deeper connective tissue layer
6
Q
hypodermis
A
another layer of connective tissue below the dermis
7
Q
thick skin
A
covers the palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of the fingers and toes
8
Q
stratum corneum
A
very thick surface layer of dead cells
9
Q
thin skin
A
an epidermis about 0.1 mm thick, with a thin stratum corneum. It possesses hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
10
Q
keratin
A
protein that is packed into the epidermal cells
11
Q
acid mantle
A
protective acidic film
12
Q
epidermis
A
a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
13
Q
stem cells
A
undifferentiated cell that divide and give rise to the keratinocytes
14
Q
stratum basale
A
deepest layer of epidermis
15
Q
keratinocytes
A
great majority of epidermal cells
16
Q
melanocytes
A
occur only in stratum basale, amid the stem cells and deepest keratinocytes
17
Q
melanin
A
they synthesize the brown to black pigment
18
Q
melanosomes
A
melanin-containing fragments
19
Q
tactile cells
A
receptors for touch
20
Q
tactile disc
A
the tactile cell and its nerve fiber
21
Q
dendritic cells
A
immune cells that originate in the bone marrow but migrate to the epidermis and epithelia of the oral cavity, esophagus, and vagina
22
Q
stratum basale
A
consists mainly of a single layer of cuboidal to low columnar stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
23
Q
stratum spinosum
A
consists of several layers of keratinocytes
24
Q
artifact
A
artificial appearance
25
stratum granulosum
consists of three to five layers of flat keratinocytes-more than thick skin than in thin skin
26
keratohyalin granules
layer of keratinocytes that are coarse, dark-staining
27
stratum lucidum
a thin zone superficial to the stratum granulosum
28
eleidin
clear protein that is densed in keratinocytes
29
stratum corneum
consists of up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells that form a durable surface layer
30
filaggrin
a protein that is released by keratohyalin granules
31
envelope proteins
tough layer that is beneath the plasma membrane
32
exfoliate
the process of dead keratinocytes that flake off from the epidermal surface
33
dander
the flakes that come off
34
dandruff
clumps of dander stuck together by sebum (oil)
35
dermal papillae
the upward waves are fingerlike extensions of the dermis
36
epidermal ridges
downward epidermal waves between the papillae
37
friction ridges
wavy boundary that forms and produces fingerprints
38
papillary layer
a thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papillae
39
reticular layer
consists of dense irregular connective tissue
40
striae
stretch marks
41
subcutaneous fat
hypodermis composed predominantly of adipose tissue
42
eumelanin
brownish black
43
pheomelanin
reddish yellow sulfur-containing pigment
44
hemoglobin
the red pigment of blood, imparts reddish to pinkish hues as blood vessels show through the skin
45
carotene
a yellow pigment acquired from egg yolks and yellow and orange vegetables
46
cyanosis
blueness of the skin resulting from a deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood
47
erythema
abnormal redness of the skin
48
pallor
pale or ashen color that occurs when there is so little blood flow through the skin that the white of the dermal collagen shows through
49
albinism
a genetic lack of melanin that usually results in milky white hair and skin, and blue-gray eyes
50
jaundice
yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes resulting from high levels of bilirubin in the blood
51
hematoma
bruise that is a mass of clotted blood showing through the skin
52
friction ridges
the markings on the fingerprints that leave distinctive oily fingerprints on surfaces we touch
53
lamellar corpuscles
improves one's grasp and aid in the manipulation of small and rough-surfaced objects
54
flexion lines (flexion creases)
the lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrist, elbows, and other places
55
freckles
flat melanized patches that vary with heredity and exposure to the sun
56
mole (nevus)
an elevated patch of melanized skin
57
hemangiomas
patches of skin discolored by benign tumors of the blood capillaries
58
capillary hemangiomas (strawberry birthmarks)
bright red to deep purple and develop small capillary-dense elevations that give them a strawberry-like appearance
59
cavernous hemangioma
flatter and duller in color
60
port-wine stains
flat and pinkish to dark purple in color
61
accessory organs (appendages)
hair, nail, and sebaceous glands
62
soft keratin
makes up the stratum corneum
63
hard keratin
makes up the hair and nails
64
pilus
hair
65
hair follicle
a slender filament of keratinized cells that grows from an oblique tube in the skin
66
lanugo
fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development
67
vellus hair
fine, pale hair
68
terminal hair
longer, coarser, and usually more heavily pigmented
69
shaft
the portion of a hair above the skin
70
root
all of the stuff beneath the surface
71
bulb
dilation of the hair
72
dermal papilla
provides the hair with its sole source of nutrition
73
hair matrix
hair's growth center
74
medulla
a core of loosely arranged cells and air spaces
75
cortex
constitutes most of the bulk of the hair
76
cuticle
composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap each other with their free edges directed upward
77
epithelial root sheath
an extension of the epidermis, consists of stratified squamous epithelium and lies immediately adjacent to the hair root
78
connective tissue root sheath
derived from the dermis and composed of collagenous connective tissue, surrounds the epithelial sheath and is somewhat denser than the adjacent dermis
79
bulge
a source of stem cells for follicle growth
80
hair receptors
nerve fibers that entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements
81
piloerector muscle (pilomotor muscle or arrector pili)
a bundle of smooth muscle cells extending from dermal collagen fibers to the connective tissue root sheath of the follicle
82
hair cycle
3 developmental stages
83
anagen
stem cells from the bulge in the follicle multiply and travel downward, pushing the dermal papilla deeper into the skin and forming the epithelial root sheath
84
club hair
hair left from the previous cycle
85
catagen
mitosis in the hair matrix ceases and sheath cells below the bulge die
86
telogen
when the papilla reaches the bulge, the hair goes into a resting period
87
alopecia
thinning of the hair, or baldness
88
pattern baldness
the condition in which hair is lost unevenly across the scalp rather than thinning uniformly
89
sex-influenced traits
when an allele is dominant in one sex and recessive in the other
90
hirsutism
excessive or undesirable hairiness in already that are not usually hairy
91
guard hairs (vibrissae)
guard the nostrils and ear canals and prevent foreign particles from entering easily
92
nail plate
the hard part of the nail
93
free edge
the overhanging tip of the finger or toe
94
nail body
the visible attached part of the nail
95
nail root
extends proximally under the overlying skin
96
nail fold
rised skin that is above the nail
97
nail groove
separated the margin of the nail plate
98
nail bed
skin underlying the nail plate
99
hyponychium
its epidermis of the nail
100
nail matrix
located at the proximal end of the nail, the stratum basal thickens into a growth zone
101
lunule
opaque white crescent on the nail
102
cuticle (eponychium)
dead skin from the nail
103
clubbed
swollen fingertips
104
sweat glands (sudoriferous glands)
apocrine and merocrine sweat glands
105
apocrine sweat glands
occur in the groin, anal region, axilla, and areola, and in mature males, in the beard area
106
sex pheromones
chemicals that exert subtle effects on the sexual behavior and physiology of other people
107
bromhidrosis
disagreeable body odor
108
merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
widely distributed over the entire body, but are especially abundant on the palms, soles, and forehead
109
myoepithelial cells
found amid the secretory cells at the deep end of the gland
110
acid mantle
inhibits bacterial growth on the skin
111
insensible perspiration
perspiration evaporates about as fast as it is produced
112
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
113
cutaneous transpiration
a significant amount is also lost by water simply diffusing between the keratinocytes and evaporating from the skin surface
114
sebaceous glands
produces an oily secretion called sebum
115
sebum
an oily secretion that are flask-shaped with short ducts that usually open into a hair follicle
116
ceruminous glands
modified apocrine glands found only in the external ear canal
117
cerumen
earwax
118
mammary glands
milk-producing glands that develop within the female breast during pregnancy and lactation
119
mammae
breasts
120
mammary ridges (milk lines)
mammary glands form along lines
121
polythelia
when someone develops additional nipples or mammae along the milk line
122
lesions
zones of tissue injury
123
basal cell carcinoma
most common type of skin cancer, least deadly because it seldom metastasizes, but if neglected, it can severely disfigure the face
124
squamous cell carcinoma
arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
125
melanoma
skin cancer that arises from the melanocytes
126
burns
usually caused by fires, kitchen spills, or excessively hot bath water, but they also can be causes by sunlight, ionizing radiation, strong acids and bases, or electrical shock
127
eschar
burned, dead tissue
128
first-degree burns
involve only the epidermis and are marked by redness, slight edema, and pain
129
second-degree burns
involve the epidermis and part of the dermis but leave at least some of the dermis intact
130
partial-thickness burns
another name for first and second degree burns
131
third-degree burns
epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissues are destroyed
132
fourth-degree burns
down to the bone
133
debridement
removal of eschar
134
acne
inflammation of the sebaceous glands
135
dermatitis
any inflammation of the skin caused by exposure to toxic foliage
136
eczema
itchy, red "weeping" skin lesions caused by an allergy
137
psoriasis
recurring, reddened plaques covered with silvery scale
138
rosacea
a red rashlike area marked by fine networks of dilated blood vessels
139
seborrheic dermatitis
recurring patches of scaly white or yellowish inflammation often on the head, face, chest, and back
140
tinea
any fungal infection of the skin, wormlike growth pattern sometimes exhibited
