Chapter 8

Question 1

First step in Prokaryotes cell division, First the DNA is copied, and then the cell splits in half by a process called _______.

Answer 1

Binary fission

Question 2

The two stages of prokaryotes cell division which together make up a simple cell cycle:

Answer 2

Copy the dna (replication)
Split the cell in two to form daughter cells (binary fission)

Question 3

Before the cell itself divides, the DNA circle makes a copy of itself, a process called _______.

Answer 3

Replication

Question 4

As the growing plasma membrane pushes inward, the cell is constructed in two, eventually forming ____________.

Answer 4

Two daughter cells

Question 5

The prokaryotic chromosome is a ____________.

Answer 5

Single circle of DNA

Question 6

DNA replication begins with the unzipping of the double stranded DNA at a point called the ___________.

Answer 6

Origin of replication

Question 7

A new double helix is formed by adding _________ to the exposed DNA strands that have been unzipped.

Answer 7

Origin of replication

Question 8

The end result of replication is that the cell possesses two complete copies of the __________.

Answer 8

Hereditary information

Question 9

A eukaryotic ________ is a single, long DNA molecule wound tightly around proteins called ________, into a compact shape.

Answer 9

Chromosome; histones.

Question 10

The cells of eukaryotic organisms either undergo ______ or ______ to divide up the DNA.

Answer 10

Mitosis; meiosis.

Question 11

The mechanism of cell division that occurs in an organisms non reproductive cells or somatic cells.

Answer 11

Mitosis

Question 12

The mechanism that divides the DNA in cells that participated in sexual reproduction, or germ cells.

Answer 12

Meiosis

Question 13

The division that results in the production of gametes, such as sperm and eggs.

Answer 13

Meiosis

Question 14

The first phase of the Eukaryotic cell cycle, the chromosomes are extended and in use during the G1, S, and G2 phases.

Answer 14

Interphase

Question 15

The “first gap” phase is the cells primary growth phase. For most organisms, this phase occupies the major portion of the cells life span.

Answer 15

G1 phase

Question 16

In this “synthesis” phase, the DNA replicates, producing two copies of each chromosome. Prepares for cell division.

Answer 16

S phase

Question 17

Cell division preparation continues in the “second gap” phase with the replication of mitochondria, chromosome condensation, and the synthesis of micro tubules.

Answer 17

G2 phase

Question 18

A microtubular apparatus binds to the chromosomes and moves them apart

Answer 18

M phase (Mitosis) Metaphase

Question 19

The cytoplasm divides, creating two daughter cells.

Answer 19

C phase (Cytokinesis)

Question 20

The stages of an Eukaryotic cell cycle:

Answer 20

1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)
2. Mitosis (M phase)
3. Cytokinesis (C phase)

Question 21

Most eukaryotes have between _____ and _____ chromosomes in their somatic cells.

Answer 21

10-50

Question 22

Chromosomes exist as pairs in somatic cells. These pairs are called ________ or _________ and contain information about the same traits but the information may vary.

Answer 22

Homologous chromosome, homologues.

Question 23

The four stages of Mitosis.

Answer 23

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 24

Cells that have two of each type of chromosomes are called _______ cells where one chromosome of each pair is inherited from the mother and the other from the father.

Answer 24

Diploid

Question 25

Before cell division, each homologues chromosome replicates, resulting in two identical copies called _________.

Answer 25

Sister chromatids

Question 26

Sister chromatids remain joined together after replication at a special linkage site called the ________. The knoblike structure typically observed in the middle of each chromosome.

Answer 26

Centromere

Question 27

Humans have ____ pairs of homologous chromosomes, when each chromosome in the pair is replicated, this makes for a total of _____ chromatids.

Answer 27

23; 92

Question 28

An arrangement of chromosomes, can be compared based on size, shape, and centromere location.

Answer 28

Karyotype

Question 29

Chromosomes are composed of ______ a complex of DNA and protein. Most are about 40% DNA and 60% protein.

Answer 29

Chromatin

Question 30

DNA is coiled around proteins called __________. Which have positive charges to counteract the negative charges associated with the phosphate groups of the DNA.

Answer 30

Histones

Question 31

The DNA coils around a core of eight histone proteins to form a complex called a _________. Which can be coiled together further to form a ____________.

Answer 31

Nucleosome ; Compact chromosome

Question 32

Interphase sets the stage for cell division, chromosomes are first duplicated and (although not visible) begin to wind up tightly in a process called _________.

Answer 32

Condensation.

Question 33

During prophase, Centrosomes (centrioles in animal cells) begin to assemble a network of protein cables called the ________.

Answer 33

Spindle

Question 34

During Metaphase, The centromeres are aligned along an imaginary plane that divides the cell in half, known as the _________.

Answer 34

Equatorial plane