Chapter 8

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

the persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of info

Question 2

recall

Answer 2

measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned ealier

Question 3

recognition

Answer 3

measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned

Question 4

relearning

Answer 4

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

processing of info into the memory system

Question 6

storage

Answer 6

retention of encoded info over time

Question 7

retrieval

Answer 7

process of getting info out of memory storage

Question 8

sensory memory

Answer 8

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info

Question 9

short-term memory

Answer 9

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before info is stored or forgotten

Question 10

long-term memory

Answer 10

relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system

Question 11

working memory

Answer 11

conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info and of info retrieved from long term memory

Question 12

explicit memorioes

Answer 12

Dual track

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare

Question 13

effortful processing

Answer 13

dual track

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 14

automatic processing

Answer 14

unconscious encoding of incidental info such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned info

Question 15

implicit memories

Answer 15

retention independent of conscious recollection

Question 16

automatic processing

Answer 16

procedural memory/automatic skills

Question 17

iconic memory

Answer 17

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli…lasts no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 18

echoic memory

Answer 18

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli…words and sounds can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds even if attention is elsewhere

Question 19

chunking

Answer 19

organizing items into familiar manageable units, often occurs automatically

Question 20

mnemonics

Answer 20

memory aids, especially those that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 21

hierarchies

Answer 21

composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts

Question 22

spacing effect

Answer 22

tendency for distributed study or practice to

Question 23

testing effect

Answer 23

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply reading info

Question 24

shallow processing

Answer 24

encoding on a basic level based on structure or appearance of words

Question 25

deep processing

Answer 25

encoding semantically based on meaning of words

Question 26

hippocampus

Answer 26

a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

Question 27

flashbulb memory

Answer 27

clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 28

long term potentiation

Answer 28

an increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory

Question 29

priming

Answer 29

the activation, often unconsciously of particular associations of memory

Question 30

context-dependent memory

Answer 30

putting yourself back in the context where you experienced something can prime your memory retrieval

Question 31

state-dependent memory

Answer 31

what we learn in one state may be easily recalled when we are in that state again

Question 32

mood congruent memory

Answer 32

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

Question 33

serial position effect

Answer 33

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 34

anterograde amnesia

Answer 34

an inability to form new memories

Question 35

retrograde amnesia

Answer 35

an inability to retrieve info from one's past

Question 36

encoding failure

Answer 36

we do not notice everything we sense, and what we fail to encode, we will never remember

Question 37

storage decay

Answer 37

after encoding something well we sometimes later forget it

Question 38

retrieval failure

Answer 38

sometimes memories have not faded but we cannot retrieve them

Question 39

proactive interference

Answer 39

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info

Question 40

retroactive interference

Answer 40

the disruptive effect of new learning on recall of old info

Question 41

misinformation effect

Answer 41

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event

Question 42

source amnesia

Answer 42

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined

Question 43

next in line effect

Answer 43

when people go around in a circle saying their names in an attempt to memorize them, the name of the person before us is usually the hardest to recall.