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AP Psychology > Prologue and Chapter 1 quiz > Flashcards

Prologue and Chapter 1 quiz Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Buddha studied?

A

perception

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2
Q

Confucius was all about

A

structure, bureaucracy, and education

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3
Q

Hebrew scholars studied…

A

how the mind is linked to emotional state

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4
Q

Aristotle was a

A

Monist- believed the soul was not separate from the body

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5
Q

Descartes was a

A

Dualist- believed mind and body are separate

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6
Q

Sir Francis Bacon

A

discovered how mind makes patterns out of random events

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7
Q

John Lock believed in two things: ____&_____

A

Tabula Rasa-experiecnes shape your brain

Empiricism- knowledge is based on experience

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8
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Pavlov’s dogs experiment

conditional reflex

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9
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

First study of Psychology in 1879
tested speed of mental processes
Structuralist

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10
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

mentee of wilhem Wundt
engaged people in introspection
structuralist

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11
Q

William James

A

wrote 1st book on psychology
first psychology lecture
functionalist

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12
Q

Functionalism

A

study of how mental processes function

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13
Q

Structuralism

A

the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind

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14
Q

Mary Whiton Clakins

A

mentored by William James

denied by Harvard for a PhD in psychology but later became first female president of the APA

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15
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first women with PhD in Psychology

2nd president of APA

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16
Q

John Watson & B.F. Skinner

A

dismissed introspection

Behaviorists

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17
Q

Behaviorism

A

defined psychology as “the study of observable behavior”

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18
Q

Freudian Psychology

A

thought processes & emotional responses to childhood experiences effects behavior

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19
Q

Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow

A

thought Freudian Psychology and Behaviorism were too limiting
humanists

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20
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

focused on growth potential nurtured/limited by environment

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21
Q

Cognitive Psychology/Neuroscience

A

explores ways we perceive, process, and remember info. (studying the brain)

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22
Q

Define Psychology

A

the study of mental processes and behavior

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23
Q

Biopsychosocial analysis

A

approach incorporating biological psychological and social influences

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24
Q

Neuroscience perspective

A

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

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25
Evolutionary Perspective
How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes
26
Behavior genetics Perspective
How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
27
Psychodynamic perspective
How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
28
Behavioral perspective
How we learn observable responses
29
Cognitive perspective
How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
30
Social-cultural perspective
how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
31
Biological psychologist
explores the links between brain and mind
32
Developmental psychologist
study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
33
cognitive psychologists
experimenting with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
34
personality psychologists
investigate our persistent traits
35
social psychologists
explore how we view and affect one another
36
applied research
tackling practical problems with psychology
37
industrial-organizational psychologists
use psychology's concepts and methods in the workplace to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, design products and implement systems.
38
Counseling psychologists
help people to cope with challenges and crises
39
Psychiatrists
provide psychotherapy, are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
40
Clinical psychologists
assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders.
41
Positive psychology
scientifically explores "positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions"
42
community psychologist
work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all
43
Hindsight Bias
tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it.
44
Critical thinking in psychology requires ____, _____, & _______
curiosity, skepticism, and humility.
45
operational definitions
define research variables in order to avoid bias observations
46
Descriptive methods
describe behaviors & natural observations (case study, naturalistic observations, and survey's)
47
Case study
examines an individual in depth to reveal things true of all of us doesn't explain behavior only describes it can be misleading
48
naturalistic observation
observing behavior in a natural situation | see how people/animals interact in their natural environment
49
Survey
research techniques that assess behaviors or attitudes of a population
50
random sampling
- used to represent all of a population you pick random people to answer to keep a survey accurate - helps avoid sample bias
51
Correlational methods
research that studies relationship between variables
52
correlation coefficient
numerical value that helps determine HOW CLOSELY two things vary together and whether one predicts the other indicates the possibility of a relationship but does not prove it
53
Experimental methods
manipulate factors to discover their effects
54
experimentation
isolates causes and effect by manipulation factors of interest and holding constants
55
experimental group
receives treatment
56
control group
does not receive treatment
57
randomly assignment occurs in order to
eliminate differences between the control group and the experimental group
58
double-blind procedure
nobody knows who is receiving the treatment and placebo between groups
59
placebo
thinking you're being treated helps heal. more effective if pill is more $$$
60
independent variable
varies independently of other factors
61
dependent variable
depends on what takes place during experiment
62
confounding variables
can possibly influence results of experiment | random assignment avoids this
63
normal curve
(bell-shaped) majority fall near mean. Fewer fall at extremes
64
When is an observed difference reliable?
less variable observations are more reliable than those with more more cases are better than fewer representative samples are better than biased samples
65
statistical significance
when sample averages are reliable, and when the difference between them is relatively large.
66
Alan Cromer
wrote a book called "the uncommon sense"
67
Steps for Scientific Hypothesis
- theorize-organize observations and predict events - research - hypothesize-has to be testable and observable - design how the study will be conducted - analyze data - accept/deny hypothesis - publish & skew scientific review
68
Case Study advantages & disadvantages
advantages: -find out a lot about individual -get an insight on condition disadvantages: -costly/timely -can be misleading -only describes behavior doesn't explain
69
Naturalistic Observation disadvantages & advantages
``` Disadvantages: -takes a long long time -describes behavior, doesn't explain advantages: -cheap ```
70
Survey advantages & disadvantages
``` advantages: -cheap -large sample size -good at predicting behavior disadvantages: -people can lie -can't determine cause -wording effects in questions affect answers -can never be truly random ```
71
problems with correlation
- correlation is not causation | - indicates the possibility of a relationship but does not prove it
72
Experimental bias
a research problem - making observations leaning towards the what the experimenter thought would happen - double-blind/single blind experiments avoid this
73
Ethnocentrism
a research problem -belief that behaviors in one's culture is typical of all cultures
74
Sample bias
A Participant problem -atypical sample Solution: random sampling

AP Psychology (10 decks)

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