Chapter 8 Flashcards
(24 cards)
Human development
Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people’s choices and enhancing capabilities ( the range of things people can be and do), having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives
Human development index
4 indicators
- Life expectancy
- mean years of schooling
- expected years of schooling
- gross national income per capita
The Human Development Index
A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries’ levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic(0-1) based on three dimensions- health, education and living standards, and four indicators- life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita.
Dimensions of sustainability
Economic sustainability
Social sustainability
Environmental sustainability
Economic sustainability
Relates to the capacity of future generations to earn an income and the efficient use of resources to allow economic growth over time
Social sustainability
Relates to future generations having the same or improved access to social resources such as human rights, political stability and education
Environmental sustainability
Relates to ensuring the natural environment is utilised in a way that will preserve resources into the future
Elements of a sustainable program
Appropriateness
Affordability
Equity
Appropriateness
Means that the implemented program addresses the specific needs of a targeted community or population.
Key elements of Appropriateness
- involve the people
- choose the right aid to reach poor people
- focus on involving and educating women
- focus on education
- ensure program’s are culturally appropriate
Sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Three categories for classifying developed and developing countries
Economic charcteristics
Social characteristic
Environmental characteristics
Influences
- Income
- gender equality
- peace and political stability
- education
- access to health care
- global marketing
- physical environment
Economic charcteristics
- related factors
- range of industry
- international debt
- opportunities for global trade
- average income
Social characteristics
- related factors
- gender equality
- birth rates
- employment levels
- education levels
- health systems
Environmental characteristics
- related factors
- safe water and sanitation
- adequate infrastructure
- access to food
- adequate housing
Developed country
A country that has progressed adequately in regard to economic, mortality and demographic indicators
Developing country
A country that has not progressed adequately with regard to economic, demographic and mortality indicators
Gross domestic product ( GDP)
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country in a 12 month period.
Gross national income ( GNI )
A measure that reflects the economic state of a country. GNI is the total income generated by a country in a 12 month period once expenses owing to other countries has been paid.
Communicable diseases
Eg. Diarrhoeal disease
Malaria
Pneumia
Global marketing
The advertising and exchange of goods and services across the world
Affordability
Organisations responsible for the implementation of specific programs must consider how they are to be funded so that individuals are not required to pay( people in poverty don’t have money- so programs need to be free of charger) programs must be affordable in the long term
Equity
Need to provide opportunities and meet the needs of all individuals and community groups. Eliminate barriers to resources such as education, food and health care
