Chapter 8

Question 1

three major sociological approaches to crime causation

Answer 1

structure, process, conflict

Question 2

most sociological perspectives on crime build upon these fundamental assumptions:

Answer 2

social groups/institutions/social roles/arrangements of society provide focus for criminological study, group dynamics/organization/subgroups form causal nexus out of which crime develops, structure of society and relative degree of organization are important factors contributing to prevalence of criminal behaviour

Question 3

perspective that focuses on nature of power relationships between social groups and on the influences that various social phenomena bring to bear on types of behaviours that tend to characterize groups of ppl

Answer 3

sociological theory

Question 4

pattern of social organization and interrelationships among institutions characteristic of society

Answer 4

social structure

Question 5

interaction between and among social institutions, groups, and individuals

Answer 5

social process

Question 6

ongoing structured interaction (including socialization and social behaviour in general) that occurs between ppl in a society

Answer 6

social life

Question 7

social structure theory focuses on crime as result of:

Answer 7

individual’s location within structure of society (social and economic conditions, poverty, alienation, social disorganization, weak social control ,personal frustration, deprivation, differential opportunities, deviant subcultures); relationships among social institutions, dgroups of ppl rather than individuals

Question 8

social process theory focuses on crime as result of:

Answer 8

inappropriate socialization, interpersonal relationships, strength of social bond, personal/group consequences of societal reactions to deviance

Question 9

social conflict theory focuses on crime as result of :

Answer 9

class struggle; existing power relationships between groups, ownership of means of production, economic and social structures of society as they relate to social class and social control

Question 10

three major types of social structure theories:

Answer 10

social disorganization theory (ecological approach), strain theory, culture-conflict theory

Question 11

what is social disorganization theory

Answer 11

sees society as kind of organism and crime and deviance as kind of disease or social pathology

Question 12

a condition that exists when group is faced with social change, uneven development of culture, maladaptiveness, disharmony, conflict, lack of consensus

Answer 12

social disorganization

Question 13

approach to criminological theorizing that attempts to link structure and organization of human community to interactions with its localized enviro

Answer 13

social ecology

Question 14

what is zone 1?

Answer 14

“loop”, central business zone, retail businesses and light manufacturing located

Question 15

what is zone 2?

Answer 15

surrounding the city centre, home to recent immigrants and characterized by deteriorated housing, factories, abandoned bildings

Question 16

what is zone 3?

Answer 16

mostly working class tenements

Question 17

what is zone 4?

Answer 17

middle class citizens with single family homes

Question 18

what is zone 5?

Answer 18

suburbs, commuter zone

Question 19

type of sociological approach that emphasizes demographics (characteristics of population groups) and geographics, sees social disorganization that characterizes delinquency areas as a major cause of criminality and victimization

Answer 19

ecological theory

Question 20

ecological approach to explaining crime that examines how social disorganization contributes to social pathology

Answer 20

Chicago school of criminology

Question 21

Chicago School used these two sources of info:

Answer 21

population stats and official crime, ethnographic data (life stories)

Question 22

what is criminology of place/enviro criminology?

Answer 22

emphasize importance of geo location and architectural features as they are associated with prevalence of criminal victimization

Question 23

Stark developed theory of deviant neighbourhoods, including the following propositions

Answer 23

• to the extent that neighborhoods are dense and poor, homes will be crowded
• crowded homes have greater tendency to congregate outside home in places and circumstances that ^ lvl of temptation and opportunity to deviate
• where homes more crowded, lower lvls supervisions of children
• reduced lvls of child supervision result in poor school achievement, v conformity and ^ deviance
• poor dense neighbourhoods tend to be mixed-use neighbourhoods
• mixed-use increases familiarity with and easy access to places offering oppporunity for deviance

Question 24

perspective on crime that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to ^ concerns for personal safety among area residents and to higher crime rates in that area

Answer 24

broken window thesis

Question 25

what is defensible space?

Answer 25

range of mechanisms that combine to bring an enviro under the control of its residents

Question 26

what is CPTED?

Answer 26

crime prevention thru enviro design (premise that design and effective use of built enviro can lead to v in the incidence and fear of crime)

Question 27

CPTED revolves around these 3 strategies

Answer 27

1) natural surveillance 2) natural access control 3) territorial reinforcement

Question 28

sociological approach that posits a disjuncture between socially and subcultural sanctioned means and goals as the cause of criminal behaviour

Answer 28

strain theory

Question 29

social condition in which norms are uncertain or lacking

Answer 29

anomie

Question 30

5 goals/means adaptations:

Answer 30

conformity (+goals, +means), innovation (+goals, -means), ritualism (-goals, + means), retreats (-goals, -means), rebellion (+/- goals, +/- means)

Question 31

examples of retreatists:

Answer 31

dropouts, drug abusers, homeless, communal living

Question 32

actions of a person who wishes to replace socially approved goals and means with some other system

Answer 32

rebellion (political radicals, revolutionaries, anti-establishment agitators)

Question 33

most common adaptation is ___ and the least common is ____

Answer 33

conformity; retreats

Question 34

strain theory was reformulated into this theory (comprehensive perspective )

Answer 34

general strain theory

Question 35

according to GST, strain occurs when:

Answer 35

1) prevent an individual from achieving positively valued goal 2) remove positively valued stimuli that a person possesses (like death of a loved one) 3) present someone with noxious or negatively valued stimuli (like abuse)

Question 36

strains most likely cause crime include:

Answer 36

child abuse and neglect, negative secondary school experiences, abusive peers, chronic unemployment, marital probs, parental rejection, improper discipline, criminal victimization, homelessness, discrimination, failure to achieve goals

Question 37

factors that ^ likelihood of criminal coping:

Answer 37

poor conventional coping skills and resources, availability of criminal skills and resources, low levels of conventional social support, routine association with criminals, personal beliefs favour crime, see costs of crime as low, low levels of social control, lack of bonds to conventional others

Question 38

strategies for reducing exposure to strains:

Answer 38

eliminating strains conducive to crime, altering strains to make less conducive to crime, removing individuals from exposure to strain, equipping individuals with traits and skills needed to avoid strains conducive to crime

Question 39

sociological perspective on crime that suggests that the root cause of criminality can be found in clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable or proper behaviour

Answer 39

culture conflict theory

Question 40

shared expectations of a social group relative to personal conduct

Answer 40

conduct norms

Question 41

primary vs secondary conflict?

Answer 41

fundamental clash (eg. immigrant father kills daughter's lover to preserve family honour); smaller cultures within primary culture clash (ie. middle class vs. inner city)

Question 42

collection of values and preferences that is communicated to subcultural participants thru a process of socialization

Answer 42

subculture

Question 43

sociological perspective that emphasizes contribution made by variously socialized cultural groups to the phenomenon of crime

Answer 43

subcultural theory

Question 44

key values of any culture, esp. delinquent subculture

Answer 44

focal concerns (trouble, toughness, smartness, excitement, fate, autonomy

Question 45

subcultural pathway to success that is diapproved of by the wider society

Answer 45

illegitimate opportunity structure

Question 46

3 types of delinquent subcultures:

Answer 46

criminal, conflict, retreatist

Question 47

type ___ youth most at risk for crime

Answer 47

desire wealth but not entry to middle class

Question 48

process by which a person openly rejects that which he or she wants or aspires to but cannot obtain or achieve

Answer 48

reaction formation

Question 49

definition of criminal organization according to bill c24

Answer 49

3+ ppl with main purpose to facilitate/commission serious offences for material benefit; name, word, symbol, frequent association, repeated engagement in activities

Question 50

gang homicide relates more to ___ while juvenile delinquency relates more to____

Answer 50

social disorganization and settlement of new immigrant groups ; poverty, social adaptation to chronic deprivation

Question 51

Chicago area project attempted to reduce social disorganization in slum neighbourhoods through 3 broad objectives:

Answer 51

improve physical appearance of neighbourhood, provide rec opps for youth, involve project members directly in lives of trouble youth thru school and courtroom mediation