Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SOC 212 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

three basic forms of behavioural strictures imposed by social groups upon members (Sumner):

A

mores, folkways, law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

behavioural proscriptions covering potentially serious violations of a group’s values

A

mores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

time-honoured customs

A

folkways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

acts thought to be wrong in and of itself

A

mala in se

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

act wrong only because it is prohibited:

A

mala prohibita

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is retribution?

A

act of taking revenge upon criminal perpetrator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

early roman laws written circa 450 that regulated family, religious, economic life

A

twelve tables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

three legal docs of the justinian code:

A

digest, code, institutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is common law?

A

law originating from usage and custom rather than from written statutes (non-statutory customs, traditions, precedents that help guide judicial decision making)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the major source of modern criminal law in English speaking countries around the world

A

common law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the foundation stone of our present liberties

A

magna carta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

social mvmt arising during 17th century and built upon ideas of empiricism, rationality, free will, humanism, natural law

A

the enlightenment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

human beings abandon their natural state of individual freedom to join together and form society; individuals surrender some freedoms to society and gov is obligated to assume responsibilities toward citizens

A

social contract (Thomas Hobbes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

blank state philosophy by:

A

John Locke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

believed humans naturally born good, put forth notion of natural law (immutable laws fundamental to human nature)

A

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is positive law?

A

derives from human experiences and history, subject to continual change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rights that individuals retain in the face of gov action and interests

A

natural rights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

criminological perspective rooted in enlightenment, promote rationalism, free will, punishment

A

classical school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Beccaria believed punishment was for ___ not ___

A

deterrence; retribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hedonistic calculus/utilitarianism proposed by ____

A

Jeremy Bentham

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

prison designed by Jeremy Bentham to be a circular building with cells along circumfernce, each clearly visible from central location staffed by guards

22
Q

5 principles of classical school:

Study These Flashcards
A

rationality, hedonism, punishment, human rights, due process

23
Q

the application of sci techniques to study crime/criminals, reject free will

24
Q

the belief that crime results from forces beyond the control of the individual

Study These Flashcards
A

hard determinism

25
contemporary version of classical criminology emphasizing deterrence and retribution, reduced emphasis on rehab
neoclassical criminology
26
why was positivism undermined in 70s?
1) studies seemed to show offenders couldn't be rehabilitated 2) growing public fear of crime leading to tougher crime policies 3) cultural reaffirmation of belief that humans have rational nature
27
neoclassical criminology focuses on importance of ____
character
28
1980s theory holding that criminality is result of conscious choice--ppl choose crime when benefits outweigh costs
rational choice theory
29
what are two varieties of rational choice theory?
routine activities/lifestyle theory, situational choice theory
30
what is central to routine activities approach?
crime likely occur when motivated offender and suitable victim come together when capable guardian is absent (ppl can increase or decrease risk of potential victimization)
31
brand of rational choice theory that views criminal behaviour as function of choices and decisions made within a context of situational constraints and opportunities
situational choice theory
32
situational choice theory is example of:
soft determinism
33
what is soft determinism?
human behaviour is result of choices made within context of situational constraints/opps
34
involvement vs event decisions:
multi-stage(long term) vs. particular instances of criminal opportunity (quick)
35
Weisburd took this approach to crime prevention
situational crime prevention (as opposed to focusing on criminal)
36
what is situational crime prevention?
social policy approach looking develop better prevention strategies through concern with physical, org, social enviros making crime possible (reduce opportunity to commit crime)
37
what is target hardening?
reduction in criminal opportunity for a particular location, thru use of physical barriers, architectural design, enhanced security
38
critique of rational choice theory?
disregard role of social factors, emotional states, substance abuse; results in displacement
39
what is displacement?
shift of criminal activity from one location to another
40
punishment purpose in neoclassical vs. classical
retribution and deterrence vs. just deterrence
41
notion that criminal offenders deserve punishment they receive at hands of law and that punishments should be appropriate to the type and severity of the crime committed
just deserts model
42
neoclassical writers distinguish between ___ deterrence and ___ deterrence
specific (prevent repeat criminality); general (prevent others from committing crime similar to offender being sentenced)
43
what is recidivism?
repetition of criminal behaviour
44
percentage of convicted offenders who have been released from prison and later rearrested for new crime or technical violation
recidivism rate
45
the legal imposition of a sentence of death upon convicted offender
capital punishment
46
10 claims of opponents to capital punishment:
1) doesn't deter crime 2) no way to prevent accidental execution of innocents 3) human life is sacred 4) lowers society to same moral level as murderer 5) imposed randomly and haphazardly 6) imposed disproportionately on ethnic minorities 7) goes against most fundamental precepts of almost every organized religion 8) more expensive than imprisonment 9) internationally viewed as inhumane 10) better alternative
47
criminal punishment strategy mandates specified and fixed amount of time to be served for every offence category
determinate sentencing
48
collection of diff but related public policy stances on sentencing of those convicted of crimes in the justice system
truth in sentencing
49
selective vs. collective incapacitation
imprison certain individuals vs. removal of grps judged to be dangerous
50
critics of classical school say:
classical school lacks explanatory power over criminal motivation

SOC 212 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions