Chapter 7

Question 1

application of science and profession of psych to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system

Answer 1

forensic psychology

Question 2

most psych theories of crime causation make the following fundamental assumptions:

Answer 2

individual is the primary unit of analysis, personality is the major motivational element within individuals cuz it is the seat of drives and source of motives, crimes result from abnormal/dysfunctional/inappropriate mental processes, crime purposeful for individual as it addresses felt needs, normality generally defined by social consensus, defective mental processes may have a variety of causes (diseased mind, inappropriate learning/conditions, emulation of inappropriate role models, adjustment to inner conflicts)

Question 3

characteristic patterns fo thoughts, feelings, behaviours that make a person unique and tend to remain stable over time

Answer 3

personality

Question 4

psych perspective that stresses observable behaviour and disregards unobservable events that occur in the mind

Answer 4

behaviourism

Question 5

psych principle that holds that frequency of any behaviour can be increased or decreased thru reward, punishment, or association with other stimuli

Answer 5

conditioning

Question 6

the cognitive approaches are learning theories that examine thought processes and seek to explain how ppl:

Answer 6

1) learn to solve problems, including those that involve questions of value and morality 2) perceive and interpret the social environment

Question 7

this theory holds that individuals become criminal when they have not successfully completed their intellectual development from child to adult

Answer 7

moral development theory

Question 8

Piaget psych stages of development:

Answer 8

sensory-motor stage (0-2), preoperational stage (2-7), concrete operational stage (7-11), formal operational stage (11-16)

Question 9

central to moral development is the ability of :

Answer 9

reflection

Question 10

psych perspective that involves the study of human perceptions, info processing, decision making

Answer 10

cognitive info processing theory

Question 11

generalized knowledge about specific types of situations that is stored in the mind

Answer 11

scripts

Question 12

psychopathology is ____ whereas psychopathy is ___

Answer 12

any sort of psych disorder that causes distress either for the individual or for those in the individual’s life; personality disorder characterized by antisocial behaviour and failure to feel remorse or guilt, sympathy, empathy, embarrassment ; poverty of affect

Question 13

serious mental illness that distorts the way ppl think, feel, behave; primary features include inability distinguish between real and imaginary, unable think logically

Answer 13

schizophrenia

Question 14

Cleckley numerous characteristics of psychopath:

Answer 14

superficial charm and good intelligence, absence of psychosis, absence of nervousness or psychoneuroticism, inability feel guilt or shame, unreliability, chronic lying, ongoing antisocial behaviour, poor judgement and inability to learn from experience, self-centred and unable to love, unresponsive in general interpersonal relations, impersonal and trivial sex life, failure to follow life plan

Question 15

primary psychopaths:

Answer 15

neurologically diff from other ppl

Question 16

secondary psychopath:

Answer 16

also called sociopaths, who are born with a normal personality but personal experiences when young cause them to develop psychopathic characteristics

Question 17

5 basic traits:

Answer 17

openness to experience, extraversion, conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness

Question 18

behaviour that affects the enviro so as to produce responses or further behavioural cues

Answer 18

operant behaviour

Question 19

desirable behaviour consequences likely to increase frequency of occurrence of that behaviour

Answer 19

rewards

Question 20

undesirable behavioural consequences likely to decrease frequency of occurrence of that behaviour

Answer 20

punishments

Question 21

social cognition theory is built on:

Answer 21

behaviour theory

Question 22

4 types of rewards and punishments:

Answer 22

positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, negative punishment

Question 23

central to Bandura’s social cognition theory are:

Answer 23

observation, imitation, modelling

Question 24

why people become aggressive according to social cog theory?

Answer 24

provoked by triggers, perceive as holding future benefits, rewarded for aggression (reduction of aversive treatment, macho expectation)

Question 25

ppl who devalue aggression may still engage in it via a process called:

Answer 25

disengagment

Question 26

4 reasons for disengagement:

Answer 26

1) attributing blame to one's victims 2) dehumanization thru bureaucratization, automation, urbanization, high social mobility 3) vindication of aggressive practices by legitimate authorities 4) desensitization resulting from repeated exposure

Question 27

theory of crime derived from medical sciences that focus on individual as unit of analysis

Answer 27

psychiatric criminology

Question 28

theory of human psych founded by Freud based on concepts of unconscious, resistance, repression, sexuality, Oedipus complex

Answer 28

psychoanalysis

Question 29

functional disorder of mind or of emotions involving anxiety, phobia, other abnormal behaviour

Answer 29

neurosis

Question 30

fundamental aspect of personality from which drives, wishes, urges, desires emanate(instinctual impulses, demands for immediate satisfaction of primitive needs)

Answer 30

id

Question 31

reality-testing part of personality, also called reality principle (conscious, most immediately controls behaviour, most in touch with external reality)

Answer 31

ego

Question 32

moral aspect of personality, like the conscience (develops by incorporation of perceived moral standards of the community, mainly unconscious, includes conscience)

Answer 32

superego

Question 33

symbolic representation of what society values

Answer 33

ego-ideal

Question 34

organic vs functional psychoses

Answer 34

resulting from damage/abnormalities in brain v. no known physical cause

Question 35

3 characteristics of psychotic ppl:

Answer 35

1) grossly distorted conception of reality 2) moods and swings of mood that seem inappropriate to circumstance 3) marked inefficiency in getting along with others and caring for oneself

Question 36

type of violence that is vented on something or someone who is not source of original frustration

Answer 36

displacement

Question 37

satisfying one's aggressive urges via observation is a form of ___

Answer 37

catharsis

Question 38

frustration leads to:

Answer 38

regression, sublimation, aggressive fantasy, direct aggression

Question 39

form of adjustment that results from changes in the enviro surround an individual (empowerment)

Answer 39

alloplastic adaptation

Question 40

form of adjustment that results from changes within an individual (change in values)

Answer 40

autoplastic adaptation

Question 41

dynamic attributes (dynamic risk factors) of offenders and their circumstances that are associated with rates of recidivism

Answer 41

criminogenic needs

Question 42

what are the criminogenic needs?

Answer 42

antisocial attitudes/values/beliefs, antisocial personality, antisocial associates, low levels of social achievement, family factors, substance abuse, lack of pro-social pursuits

Question 43

big four risk factors for criminality?

Answer 43

criminal history, antisocial attitudes, criminal associates, antisocial personality

Question 44

branch of forensic psych concerned with diagnosis and classification of offenders, treatment of correctional populations, rehab of inmates and other law violators

Answer 44

correctional psych

Question 45

what is CBI?

Answer 45

cognitive-behavioural intervention, based on belief that offenders need acquire better social skills to become more pro-social (prob solving, self control, social skills training, anger management, empathy)

Question 46

classification instrument commonly used in correctional facilities

Answer 46

MMPI (Minessota multiphase personality inventory)

Question 47

social policy that seeks to protect society by incarcerating those individuals deemed to be the most dangerous

Answer 47

selective incapacitation

Question 48

one of the most commonly used risk assessment instruments in correctional facilities in Canada

Answer 48

Level of Service Inventory-Revised (score offenders as low, mod, high risk based on 54 items categorized in 10 sub levels)-->higher score=higher risk of reoffending

Question 49

attempt to categorize, understand, predict behaviour of certain types of offenders based on behavioural clues they provide

Answer 49

psych profiling

Question 50

what is ViCLAS?

Answer 50

violent crime linkage analysis system; centralized computer bank containing details of violent crime that assist police in recognizing patterns

Question 51

mental disorder defined legally:

Answer 51

inability understand right from wrong or to conform one's behaviour to the requirements of the law, a defence allowable in criminal courts

Question 52

mental disorder defined psychologically:

Answer 52

disease of mind, including schizo, paranoia, senile dementia, melancholia, epilepsy, delirium tremens caused by alcohol abuse

Question 53

standard for judging legal insanity that requires that offenders did not know what they were doing, or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong

Answer 53

McNaughten rule

Question 54

finding that offenders are responsible for committing the offence that they have committed and because of their prevailing mental condition, should be sent to a psych hospital for treatment instead of prison

Answer 54

not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder

Question 55

provisions for ppl NCRMD:

Answer 55

must attend disposition hearing which can be held by trial court or be referred to provincial review board