post midterm class stuff

Question 1

what is encompassed in street crime?

Answer 1

all violent crime, some property crimes, and public order/victimless crimes

Question 2

causing death directly or indirectly by any means

Answer 2

homicide

Question 3

what sets murder apart from manslaughter?

Answer 3

culpable intentions vs. no intent

Question 4

robbery vs B and E

Answer 4

use/threatened use of force and face to face vs. not face to face

Question 5

why commit violent crimes:

Answer 5

sociocultural influence, historical victimization, bio, psych, gendered

Question 6

majority of all serious crime is ___

Answer 6

property crime (unlawful actions with intent to gain property, don’t use threat or force

Question 7

why property crime?

Answer 7

thrill seeking, crime of opportunity, neutralization theory, differential association

Question 8

this is considered modern day crime

Answer 8

corporate/white collar crime

Question 9

who is a victim?

Answer 9

person who has suffered harm including physical/mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss, by reason of an act that is in violation of criminal laws

Question 10

how does crime affect victim?

Answer 10

physically, financially, emotionally/psychologically, secondary victimization, spiritually

Question 11

3 “i”s of secondary victimization:

Answer 11

injustice, indignity, isolation

Question 12

why is crime/tragedy beyond individual’s normal experience and coping abilities?

Answer 12

unpredictable, no control, identity, not personal

Question 13

3 factors that affect coping

Answer 13

nature of violation and meaning to victim, victim’s previous experiences and life circumstances, kind of help that victim receives immediately after crime/tragedy

Question 14

factors that affect impact of property crime

Answer 14

nature of violation (self vs property, type of property damaged/destroyed/stolen, vandalism), experiences and circumstances (previous victimization, support network, living alone), kind of help victim receives

Question 15

stages of victim trauma response:

Answer 15

impact, recoil, reorganization

Question 16

what is recoil stage?

Answer 16

struggle regain balance, often common reactions can be emotional, physiological, behavioural

Question 17

what is reorganization stage?

Answer 17

regain equilibrium, reactions diminish or disappear

Question 18

what is a secondary victim?

Answer 18

person who is connected to primary victim or affected by crime/traumatic event such as kid who saw homicide or family left behind in murder

Question 19

victims of crime need:

Answer 19

support, be listened to, info, links to supports, have anger acknowledged, know reactions are normal, assistance in regaining control

Question 20

victim contributory role:

Answer 20

lifestyle factors, presence or lack of protective measures and education

Question 21

personal victimization dependent upon:

Answer 21

lifestyle model, routine activities approach, opportunity model

Question 22

three key elements of routine activities approach:

Answer 22

motivated offender, suitable target, absence of guardian

Question 23

what is opportunity model?

Answer 23

ppl’s lifestyle and daily activities that bring them in contact with offenders

Question 24

current services for victims:

Answer 24

police based services, crown/court based services, victims and corrections, system based services

Question 25

victim gets advanced notification of :

Answer 25

offender release dates, changes to offender's incarceration status, transfers to minimum security facilities

Question 26

criminal sanction in particular the payment of compensation by offender to victim, court imposed fines and garnishments

Answer 26

victim restitution

Question 27

leader in taking detailed perspective in body-typing

Answer 27

Johan Casper Lavater

Question 28

art of judging human behaviour by study of facial features

Answer 28

physiognomy

Question 29

this person was the father of sociology and first introduced positivism

Answer 29

Comte

Question 30

father of modern criminology who pioneered idea of biological determinism theory of criminality based on idea of atavism

Answer 30

Lombroso

Question 31

what is atavism?

Answer 31

individuals not completely evolved, so throwbacks to primitive time, therefore more criminal traits

Question 32

4 main classifications related to atavism:

Answer 32

1) born crimnial 2) criminal by passion 3) insane criminal 4) occasional criminal

Question 33

subtypes of ocassional criminal:

Answer 33

pseudo-criminal (accidental), crimnialoids (weak thinkers), habitual criminals (social and external factors)

Question 34

this perspective focuses on mental processes (thoughts, feelings, behaviours) and importance of self regulation, refers to ability of individuals to make sense of sensory experiences in world around them (crim behaviour result of faulty/irrational thinking)

Answer 34

cognitive perspective

Question 35

two types of aggression:

Answer 35

hostile (direct acting out) and instrumental (intentionally weighs options in effort to get what is desired)

Question 36

risk of aggression ____ with outside interference

Answer 36

increases

Question 37

^ risk for punishment ___ chance of it being committed

Answer 37

decreases

Question 38

theory posits that ppl learn to be aggressive via life experiences (sees aggression being rewarded)

Answer 38

bandura's social learning theory

Question 39

4 factors help produce violence and aggression:

Answer 39

1) an event that provokes arousal such as being verbally abused or being assaulted 2) aggressive skills learned from observing others 3) expected outcomes, rewards from aggression 4) consistency of bhaviour with values

Question 40

diagnosed personality disorder ; aggressive anti social tendencies linked to underdeveloped superego

Answer 40

psychopath

Question 41

unsocialized individuals with patterned behaviour that conflicts with law

Answer 41

anti-social personality

Question 42

WHO definition of anti social personality:

Answer 42

callous unconcern for feelings of others, gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social rules, incapacity to maintain enduring relationships yet can develop these fine, very low tolerance to frustration and easy use of violence, can't experience guilt

Question 43

determination of the ability of offender to stand trial

Answer 43

fitness to stand trial

Question 44

Chicago school was:

Answer 44

emphasized research in community , was reformist and positivistic (not radical or revolutionary), focus on lower class groups

Question 45

main premise of chicago school:

Answer 45

rapid social change -->social breakdown-->anomic-->social disorganization

Question 46

changes that contribute to social disorganization

Answer 46

urbanization, migration, immigration, industrialization and technological change

Question 47

learning in diff association includes:

Answer 47

technique of deviance and motives for behaviour

Question 48

whether person becomes deviant depends on 4 factors:

Answer 48

frequency, duration, priority, intensity

Question 49

this person developed strain theory out of work of Durkheim

Answer 49

Robert Merton

Question 50

merton's 4 assumptions in version of anomie/strain:

Answer 50

all modern societies have core common values, majority of members internalize values, significant values are those that channel energy toward obtaining certain goals, all members do not have = opportunity to achieve goals

Question 51

5 modes of adaptation to anomie/strain:

Answer 51

conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, rebellion

Question 52

theory by Hirschi that focuses on techniques/strategies that regulate behaviour and ensure conformity

Answer 52

social bond theory

Question 53

4 social bonds:

Answer 53

attachment, commitment (stakes), involvement (time and energy), belief

Question 54

central focus of symbolic interactionism:

Answer 54

development of self image, self concept, identity, looking glass self

Question 55

3 fundamental factors of Beccaria's classical deterrence theory:

Answer 55

certainty of punishment, swiftness of justice, severity of sanction

Question 56

3 important social costs:

Answer 56

stigma, attachment, commitment

Question 57

general deterrence has ___ effect and specific deterrence has ___ effect

Answer 57

demonstration; direct personal

Question 58

criticism of peace making theory:

Answer 58

difficult use for serious crimes, habitual offenders not benefit from this

Question 59

4 components of reintegrative shaming theory

Answer 59

1) disapproval occurs in context in which those who disapprove sustain a general respect w/ those who engaged in criminal behaviour 2) ceremonies to certify criminal act are followed by ceremonies to de certify it 3) disapproval of offending act occurs without labelling ppl themselves as evil 4) disapprovers make efforts to avoid having criminal behaviour become master status