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Flashcards in post midterm class stuff Deck (59)
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1
Q

what is encompassed in street crime?

A

all violent crime, some property crimes, and public order/victimless crimes

2
Q

causing death directly or indirectly by any means

A

homicide

3
Q

what sets murder apart from manslaughter?

A

culpable intentions vs. no intent

4
Q

robbery vs B and E

A

use/threatened use of force and face to face vs. not face to face

5
Q

why commit violent crimes:

A

sociocultural influence, historical victimization, bio, psych, gendered

6
Q

majority of all serious crime is ___

A

property crime (unlawful actions with intent to gain property, don’t use threat or force

7
Q

why property crime?

A

thrill seeking, crime of opportunity, neutralization theory, differential association

8
Q

this is considered modern day crime

A

corporate/white collar crime

9
Q

who is a victim?

A

person who has suffered harm including physical/mental injury, emotional suffering, economic loss, by reason of an act that is in violation of criminal laws

10
Q

how does crime affect victim?

A

physically, financially, emotionally/psychologically, secondary victimization, spiritually

11
Q

3 “i”s of secondary victimization:

A

injustice, indignity, isolation

12
Q

why is crime/tragedy beyond individual’s normal experience and coping abilities?

A

unpredictable, no control, identity, not personal

13
Q

3 factors that affect coping

A

nature of violation and meaning to victim, victim’s previous experiences and life circumstances, kind of help that victim receives immediately after crime/tragedy

14
Q

factors that affect impact of property crime

A

nature of violation (self vs property, type of property damaged/destroyed/stolen, vandalism), experiences and circumstances (previous victimization, support network, living alone), kind of help victim receives

15
Q

stages of victim trauma response:

A

impact, recoil, reorganization

16
Q

what is recoil stage?

A

struggle regain balance, often common reactions can be emotional, physiological, behavioural

17
Q

what is reorganization stage?

A

regain equilibrium, reactions diminish or disappear

18
Q

what is a secondary victim?

A

person who is connected to primary victim or affected by crime/traumatic event such as kid who saw homicide or family left behind in murder

19
Q

victims of crime need:

A

support, be listened to, info, links to supports, have anger acknowledged, know reactions are normal, assistance in regaining control

20
Q

victim contributory role:

A

lifestyle factors, presence or lack of protective measures and education

21
Q

personal victimization dependent upon:

A

lifestyle model, routine activities approach, opportunity model

22
Q

three key elements of routine activities approach:

A

motivated offender, suitable target, absence of guardian

23
Q

what is opportunity model?

A

ppl’s lifestyle and daily activities that bring them in contact with offenders

24
Q

current services for victims:

A

police based services, crown/court based services, victims and corrections, system based services

25
Q

victim gets advanced notification of :

A

offender release dates, changes to offender’s incarceration status, transfers to minimum security facilities

26
Q

criminal sanction in particular the payment of compensation by offender to victim, court imposed fines and garnishments

A

victim restitution

27
Q

leader in taking detailed perspective in body-typing

A

Johan Casper Lavater

28
Q

art of judging human behaviour by study of facial features

A

physiognomy

29
Q

this person was the father of sociology and first introduced positivism

A

Comte

30
Q

father of modern criminology who pioneered idea of biological determinism theory of criminality based on idea of atavism

A

Lombroso

31
Q

what is atavism?

A

individuals not completely evolved, so throwbacks to primitive time, therefore more criminal traits

32
Q

4 main classifications related to atavism:

A

1) born crimnial 2) criminal by passion 3) insane criminal 4) occasional criminal

33
Q

subtypes of ocassional criminal:

A

pseudo-criminal (accidental), crimnialoids (weak thinkers), habitual criminals (social and external factors)

34
Q

this perspective focuses on mental processes (thoughts, feelings, behaviours) and importance of self regulation, refers to ability of individuals to make sense of sensory experiences in world around them (crim behaviour result of faulty/irrational thinking)

A

cognitive perspective

35
Q

two types of aggression:

A

hostile (direct acting out) and instrumental (intentionally weighs options in effort to get what is desired)

36
Q

risk of aggression ____ with outside interference

A

increases

37
Q

^ risk for punishment ___ chance of it being committed

A

decreases

38
Q

theory posits that ppl learn to be aggressive via life experiences (sees aggression being rewarded)

A

bandura’s social learning theory

39
Q

4 factors help produce violence and aggression:

A

1) an event that provokes arousal such as being verbally abused or being assaulted
2) aggressive skills learned from observing others
3) expected outcomes, rewards from aggression
4) consistency of bhaviour with values

40
Q

diagnosed personality disorder ; aggressive anti social tendencies linked to underdeveloped superego

A

psychopath

41
Q

unsocialized individuals with patterned behaviour that conflicts with law

A

anti-social personality

42
Q

WHO definition of anti social personality:

A

callous unconcern for feelings of others, gross and persistent attitude of irresponsibility and disregard for social rules, incapacity to maintain enduring relationships yet can develop these fine, very low tolerance to frustration and easy use of violence, can’t experience guilt

43
Q

determination of the ability of offender to stand trial

A

fitness to stand trial

44
Q

Chicago school was:

A

emphasized research in community , was reformist and positivistic (not radical or revolutionary), focus on lower class groups

45
Q

main premise of chicago school:

A

rapid social change –>social breakdown–>anomic–>social disorganization

46
Q

changes that contribute to social disorganization

A

urbanization, migration, immigration, industrialization and technological change

47
Q

learning in diff association includes:

A

technique of deviance and motives for behaviour

48
Q

whether person becomes deviant depends on 4 factors:

A

frequency, duration, priority, intensity

49
Q

this person developed strain theory out of work of Durkheim

A

Robert Merton

50
Q

merton’s 4 assumptions in version of anomie/strain:

A

all modern societies have core common values, majority of members internalize values, significant values are those that channel energy toward obtaining certain goals, all members do not have = opportunity to achieve goals

51
Q

5 modes of adaptation to anomie/strain:

A

conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, rebellion

52
Q

theory by Hirschi that focuses on techniques/strategies that regulate behaviour and ensure conformity

A

social bond theory

53
Q

4 social bonds:

A

attachment, commitment (stakes), involvement (time and energy), belief

54
Q

central focus of symbolic interactionism:

A

development of self image, self concept, identity, looking glass self

55
Q

3 fundamental factors of Beccaria’s classical deterrence theory:

A

certainty of punishment, swiftness of justice, severity of sanction

56
Q

3 important social costs:

A

stigma, attachment, commitment

57
Q

general deterrence has ___ effect and specific deterrence has ___ effect

A

demonstration; direct personal

58
Q

criticism of peace making theory:

A

difficult use for serious crimes, habitual offenders not benefit from this

59
Q

4 components of reintegrative shaming theory

A

1) disapproval occurs in context in which those who disapprove sustain a general respect w/ those who engaged in criminal behaviour 2) ceremonies to certify criminal act are followed by ceremonies to de certify it 3) disapproval of offending act occurs without labelling ppl themselves as evil 4) disapprovers make efforts to avoid having criminal behaviour become master status