Chapter 8-9 ( Unit 3)

Question 1

Anabolism

Answer 1

Any process that results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

Breaks the bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules and often releases energy

Question 3

Metabolism

Answer 3

Change, pertains to all chemical reactions and physicals working of the cells

Question 4

extremozymes

Answer 4

enzyme, often created by extremophiles, that can function under extreme environmental conditions

Question 5

constitutive enzymes

Answer 5

always present and in relatively constant amounts

Question 6

induced enzyme

Answer 6

process in a molecule that induces the expression of an enzyme

Question 7

endoenzymes

Answer 7

retained intracellularly and function there

Question 8

exoenzymes

Answer 8

an extracellular enzyme chiefly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules

Question 9

examples of exoenzymes

Answer 9

cellulase
amylase
penicillinase

Question 10

oxxidereductases

Answer 10

transfer electrons from one substrate to another

Question 11

Transferases

Answer 11

transfers functional groups from one substrate to another

Question 12

competitive inhibition

Answer 12

mimic is competing with the substrate for the binding site

Question 13

noncompetitive inhibition

Answer 13

regulator molecule does not bind in the same site as the substrate

Question 14

Glycolysis produces

Answer 14

pyruvate

Question 15

ATP’s produced in fermentation (Glycolysis)

Answer 15

2

Question 16

hydrolysis

Answer 16

water molecule is required for breaking the bond between two glucose molecules

Question 17

condensation

Answer 17

two molecules are condensed into one larger molecule with the loss of a smaller molecule

Question 18

amphibolism

Answer 18

integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency

Question 19

genome

Answer 19

sum total of genetic material of an organism

Question 20

genotype

Answer 20

sum of all of these types of genes constitutes an organisms distinctive genetic makeup

Question 21

phenotype

Answer 21

creates traits

Question 22

DNA polymerase I:

DNA polymerase II:

Answer 22

Removing primer, closing gaps, repairing

Adding bases, and proofreading

Question 23

DNA ligase

Answer 23

Final binding of nicks in DNA during synthesis and repair

Question 24

DNA helicase

Answer 24

unzipping the DNA helix

Question 25

DNA gyrase

Answer 25

making double-stranded DNA breaks to remove supercoiling ahead of origin and separate replicated daughter DNA molecules

Question 26

RNA polymerase

Answer 26

produces primary transcript RNA

Question 27

Ames test

Answer 27

animal testing that has been a standard method of detecting chemicals with carcinogenic potential, a more rapid screening system

Question 28

mutation

Answer 28

any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome

Question 29

spontaneous mutation

Answer 29

random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur randomly.

Question 30

point mutations

Answer 30

addition, deletion, or substitution of single bases

Question 31

lethal mutation

Answer 31

harmful effect on cell | causes cell death

Question 32

missense mutation

Answer 32

any change that leads to placement of a different amino acid

Question 33

nonsense mutation

Answer 33

changes a normal codon into a stop codon that does not code for an amino acid and stops production

Question 34

silent mutation

Answer 34

alters a base but does not change the amino acid and has no effect

Question 35

back-mutation

Answer 35

gene that has undergone mutation reverses to its original base composition

Question 36

conjugation in bacteria

Answer 36

process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact.

Question 37

structural genes

Answer 37

a gene that codes for any RNA or protein product other than a regulatory factor

Question 38

characteristics of enzymes

Answer 38

composed of protein acts as organic catalysts unique shape, size, function proceed at a speed compatible with life have active site called substrate much larger than substrates do not become integrated into the reaction products are not used up or changed permanently changed by reaction can be recycled greatly affected by temp and pH can be regulated by feedback and genetic mechanisms

Question 39

excision repair

Answer 39

a cellular mechanism that repairs damaged DNA throughout the cell cycle

Question 40

specialized transduction

Answer 40

process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes is transferred to another bacterium

Question 41

generalized transduction

Answer 41

the process by which any bacterial gene may be transferred to another bacterium via a bacteriophage, and typically carries only bacterial DNA and no viral DNA.

Question 42

what is produced in the transition reaction

Answer 42

Acety-Co A

Question 43

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 43

generation of ATP through a transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylates compound directly to ADP

Question 44

substrate level phosphorylation occur

Answer 44

can take place in the cytoplasm during glycolysis or inside the mitochondrial matrix during the Krebs Cycle.

Question 45

prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosomes differ by

Answer 45

A prokaryotic chromosome is circular and resides in a cell region eukaryotic chromosome is linear

Question 46

first line immune defense

Answer 46

physical barriers that protect against damage and infection from the outside world

Question 47

precursor cell type for platelets

Answer 47

Megakaryocyte

Question 48

Electron transport system

Answer 48

received electrons from NADH and FADH2 Electrons passed sequentially from one redox molecule to the next Flow of electrons allows the active transport of hydrogen outside the cell membrane Oxygen receives hydrogens and electrons and produces water

Question 49

Oxidation

Answer 49

losing

Question 50

Reduction

Answer 50

gaining

Question 51

NADH gives rise to how many ATP molecules

Answer 51

3

Question 52

FADH2 gives rise to how many ATP molecule

Answer 52

2

Question 53

Krebs cycle yields how many ATP

Answer 53

2

Question 54

Electron Transport System how many ATP

Answer 54

34

Question 55

Maximum net yield ATP's

Answer 55

36-38 ATP's

Question 56

Krebs cycle produces

Answer 56

6 CO2 molecules generated

Question 57

gene

Answer 57

a segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a protein or an RNA