Unit 2 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
infection
A
microorganisms penetrate host defenses, enter tissues, multiply
2
Q
factors that cause disease
A
infection
diet
genetics
aging
3
Q
infectious disease
A
disruption of tissues or organs
4
Q
term to describe resident flora
A
normal flora
normal biota
5
Q
organisms make up resident flora
A
an array of bacteria
fungi
protozoa
viruses
6
Q
endogenous infection
A
infection arises from patients own microbes
already in body
happen to site that is already sterile
7
Q
when newborns colonized with flora
A
in utero
8
Q
how is newborn colonized with flora
A
becomes colonized w/ mothers vaginal biota
8-12 hrs. after delivery
digests milk begins to populate the vagina
equip baby protect from skin disorders
breast milk
9
Q
resident flora located
A
skin respiratory tract and lungs GI urethra external genitalia vagina external ear canal external eye ;
10
Q
resident flora are not located
A
heart liver kidneys/ bladder muscles bones ovaries/testes glands sinuses blood
11
Q
microbial antagonism
A
“good” microbes have against intruder microorganisms
steady, established relationship unlikely
12
Q
true pathogens
A
capable of causing disease in healthy people w/ normal immune defenses
13
Q
opportunistic pathogens causes disease when
A
host defenses are compromised
established in a part of body that is not natural to them
14
Q
factors that weaken host defenses
A
age: very young/old AIDS Surgery and organ transplants underlying diseases: cancer, liver malfunction, diabetes chemotherapy/ immunosuppressive drugs physical and mental stress other infections
15
Q
virulence factor
A
characteristic or structure of microbe
contributes to toxin production
induction of injurious host response
16
Q
examples of virulence factors
A
exposure to protist with malaria
exposure to swine flu
17
Q
TORCH
A
Toxoplasmosis Other disease: AIDS, syphilis, chlamydia Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes simplex virus
18
Q
exotoxins
A
secreted by a living bacterial cell to the infected tissues
19
Q
exotoxins characteristics
A
proteins
strong specificity for a target cell
extremely powerful
initiating lysis
20
Q
toxicity
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
A
toxic in minute amounts
toxic high doses
21
Q
effects on the body
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
A
TNF
systemic fever, inflammation
22
Q
chemical composition
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
A
small proteins
lipopolysaccharide of cell wall
23
Q
heat denaturation at 60 degrees C
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
A
unstable
stable
24
Q
toxoid formation
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
A
can be converted to toxoid
cannot be converted to toxoid
25
immune response
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
stimulate antitoxins
| does not stimulate antitoxins
26
fever stimulation
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
usually not
| YES
27
manner of release
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
secreted from live cells
| released by cell
28
typical sources
(exotoxins)
(endotoxins)
gram-positive or gram-positive
| gram-negative
29
contact-infection-disease process
they don't always lead from one to another
30
antiphagocytic factors
type virulence factor
| used by some pathogens to avoid phagocytes
31
localized infection
remains confined to specific tissue
boils
fungal skin infections
warts
32
systemic infection
spreads to several sites
| in bloodstream
33
focal infection
infection breaks loose from local infection
carried to other tissues
TB
Toxemia
34
mixed infection
same site is infected with several microbes at same time
35
primary infection
initial infection
36
secondary infection
primary infection is complicated by another infection caused by different microbe
37
acute infections
rapidly
| short-lived effects
38
chronic infections
progress and persist of long period of time
39
sign
objective evidence of disease
| noted by observer
40
symptom
subjective evidence of disease as sensed by the patient
41
examples of signs
```
fever
septicemia
chest sounds
skin eruptions
abscesses
leukocytosis
leukopenia
tachycardia
```
42
examples of symptoms
```
chills
pain
ache
malaise
chest tightness
itching
headache
nausea
abdominal cramps
anorexia
sore throat
```
43
intoxications
caused by ingestion of toxins
44
how are toxins names
by the target of action
45
infectious dose
minimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed
| microbes w/ smaller infectious dose have greater virulence
46
epidemilogy
study of frequency and distribution of disease
47
Role of CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
conducts and supports health promotion
improve health
48
mortality rate
measures number of death due to disease
49
morbidity rate
number of persons afflicted with infectious diseases
50
incidence rate
measures number of new cases over certain time period
51
prevalence rate
total number of existing cases with respect to the entire population
52
endemic
infectious disease exhibits a steady frequency
53
sporadic
occasional cases
| irregular intervals
54
epidemic
increasing beyond what is expected for that population
55
pandemic
spread of an epidemic across continents
56
fomite
inanimate objects that harbors and transmits pathogens
| INDIRECT
57
carrier
individual who inconspicuously shelters a pathogen
| can spread to others without knowing
58
asymptomatic infection
infect but show no symptoms
59
vector
live animal that transmits an infectious agent from one host to another
60
reservoir
primary habitat
| natural world from which a pathogen originates
61
source
individual or object an infection is actually acquired
62
examples of reservoirs
```
soil
water
plants
syphilis
hep A
```
63
droplet nuclei
dried microscopic residues
| created pellets of mucus and saliva are ejected from mouth or nose
64
common portal of entry
```
skin
mucous membrane
GI tract
respiratory tract
urogenital tract
```
65
common portals of exit
```
salivary and respiratory portals
skin
fecal
urogenital tract
blood or bleeding
```
66
Human Microbiome Project
collect genetic sequences in the gut, respiratory,skin, to determine which microbes are there even when they cannot be grown in lab.
determine role of normal biota play in health and disease
67
mechanical vectors
not necessary to life cycle of an infectious agent
| merely transport it without being infected
68
biological vectors
actively participates in pathogens life cycle
serving at site
multiply or complete its life cycle
69
nosocomial infections
acquired in the hospital
| passed from patient to patient
70
Koch's postulates used to determine
etiology (cause)
1) find evidence
2) isolate microbe
3) inoculate
4) reisolate
71
sequelae
form of long-term or permanent damage to tissues or organs
72
examples of sequelae
meningitis-deafness
strep throat-rheumatic heart disease
lyme disease- arthritis
polio-paralysis
73
zoonosis
infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
74
convalescent carrier
recuperating patients w/o symptoms
| coney infection to others
75
chronic carrier
shelters the infectious agent for long period after recovery
| latency of infection
76
plasma
substance in arteries and veins
| circulate in blood
77
plasma cells
B cell that produces a single type of antibody.
78
plasma cells secrete
large volume of antibodies
79
examples of granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
80
least numerous of WBC and release histamine during inflammation and allergic reaction
basophils
| mast cells
81
WBC make up 20-30%
LYMPHOCYTES
82
most numerous WBC's and very phagocytic
neutrophils
83
3-7% are phagocytic
monocytes
84
hematopoiesis
production of blood cells
| embryonic development in yolk sac
85
diapedesis
migrate out of blood into the tissue spaces
86
function of lymph nodes
filters out materials
provide appropriate cells
immune reactions
87
lymph nodes concentrated at
armpit
groin
neck
88
lymph organ that filters pathogens from blood
spleen
89
function of thymus
training and development of T-lymphocytes
90
happens to thymus as we age
it shrinks
91
S/SX of inflammation
(rubor)redness
(calor)warmth
(tumor)swelling
(dolor)pain
loss of function
92
occurs during phagocytosis
ingest and eliminates matter, injured or dead cells
93
function of PAMPS
recognize by phagocyte
serve as signal molecules on surface of microbes
no present in mammals
94
benefits of fever
```
impedes nutrition (reduced iron)
increases metabolism
stimulates immune
protects physiological processes
inhibits multiplication of temp sensitive microbes
```
95
edema
local swelling
| due to accumulation of exudate into tissues
96
complement function
consists of over 39 blood proteins
| work together to destroy bacteria and viruses
97
platelets
sticky cell fragments in circulating blood
| NOT whole cells
98
platelet function
immunity
blood clotting
inflammation
99
B cells
mature in bone marrow sites
| production and activities of antibodies
100
T cells
mature in thymus
| cell-mediated immunity
101
antigen
stimulate response by T and B cells
protein or polysaccharide molecules
exposed or released
own antigens don't evoke own immune system
102
epitope
recognized and responded to by lymphocyte
| primary signal that molecule is foreign
103
hapten
determinant group
too small to elicit an immune response
linked to carrier group, develops immunogenicity
104
superantigens
bacterial toxins
potent stimuli for T cells
toxic shock syndrome
105
antigen presenting cells
dendritic cells
macrophages
B cells
106
neutralization
antibodies fill surface receptors on virus or active site
| prevent from attaching normally
107
opsonization
coated w/ specific antibodies
| readily recognized by phagocytes
108
agglutionation
cross-linking cells into large clumps
109
anamnestic response
immune exposed again to same immunogen later
| quick potent strike against infectious agents
110
Natural killer cells
develop from lymphoid stem cells
host-rejection
lack specificity for antigens
first killers at cancer and virus cells
111
cytotoxic T cells
lead to destruction of infected host cells
direct contact
CD8
112
function of Helper T cells
regulating immune reactions to antigens
113
memory T cells
CD4 or CD8
| always bear receptors for specific receptors
114
active immunity
individuals recieves an immune stimulus (antigen)
activates B and T cells
causes body produce antibodies
115
passive immunity
individual receives immune substances (antibodies)
| produced in body of another human or animal donor
116
artificial immunity
protection from infection through medical procedures
| immunizations
117
natural immunity
any immunity acquired during normal biological experiences
118
natural active immunity
measles
mumps
rubella
pneumonia
119
natural passive immunity
prenatal and postnatal mother-child relationship
| mothers milk
120
artificial active immunity
vaccinations
121
artificial passive immunity
donor blood
122
whole cell vaccines
either killed or attenuated
123
killed vaccines
```
cultivating desired stain
treating with chemicals, radiation, heat
Hep A
influenza
large dose
```
124
live attenuated vaccines
```
manipulating microbial genes
measles
mumps
polio
rubella
```
125
subunit vaccines
selected component of microorganism
produced genetic engineering or synthesized chemically
pneumococcus and meningococcus, Hep B
126
subunit vaccines protect against what
diphtheria
tetanus
pertussis
127
adjuvant
any compound tha enhances immunogenicity and prolongs antigen retention at injection site
128
interferon
inhibits viral replication
| combat viral infection and cancer
129
mucinase
digest protective coating on mucus membranes
| anaerobic
130
keraatinase
digests skin and hair
secreted by fungi
causes ringworm
131
hyalurionidase
digests hyaluronic acid
132
coagulase
clotting of blood or plasma
133
kinases
dissolves fibrin clots
| invasion of damaged tissues
134
hemolysin
destroys red blood cells
135
entotoxin
effects the GI tract
136
greatest number of pathogens enter human body
```
skin
GI tract
Respiratory
Urogenital tract
endogenous
```
137
Universal precautions
proper hand washing
disinfection
sterilization
mucous cleaning
138
components of first line of defense
keep microbes from penetrating sterile body components
physical barriers
chemical barriers
genetic barrier
139
ciliary escalator
conveys foreign particles
| entrapped in mucous
140
function of immune system
surveillance of body
recognition of foreign material
destruction of entities deemed to be foreign
