Chapter4

Question 1

Appendages ( 2 major groups)

Answer 1

Flagella and axial filaments: provide motility

Frimbriae and pili: provide attachment points of channels

Question 2

Phototaxis

Answer 2

Movement In response to light

Question 3

Run

Answer 3

Counterclockwise movement of flagella

Cell swims in a smooth, linear direction toward stimulus

Question 4

Tumble

Answer 4

Flagella reverses direction, causing cell to stop or change course

Question 5

Axial filament

Answer 5

2 or more coiled threads
Internal flagellum enclosed between cell wall and cell membrane
Import a twisting or flexing motion

Question 6

Fimbriae

Answer 6

Small bristle-like fibers sprouting off the surface

Formation of biofilms

Question 7

Pili

Answer 7

Long rigid tubular structures made of pilin protein

Used in conjugation, the partial transfer of DNA from one cell to another

Question 8

Common shapes of bacteria:

Answer 8

Coccus: spheres, oval, bean shaped, and pointed
Bacillus: cylindrical
Spirillum: rigid helix, short chains
Spirochete:
Flexible helix

Question 9

Arrangements of cocci

Answer 9

Tetrads: 4
Staphylococci: irregular clusters
Streptococci: chains of 9 or few to hundreds of cells
Sarcina: cubical packet of 8, 16 or more

Question 10

Arrangements of bacilli:

Answer 10

Diplobaccilis: pairs (ends attach)
Streptobacilli: chains of cells
Palisades: cells of a chain remain partially attached and fold back creating side by side rows

Question 11

Characteristics of plasmids

Answer 11

Non essential pieces of DNA
Separate, double stranded circles of DNA
Confer protective traits
Senetic engineering

Question 12

Monotrichous

Answer 12

Single flagellum

Question 13

Lophotrichous

Answer 13

Small bunches or tufts

Question 14

Amohitrichous

Answer 14

Flagella at both poles of cells

Question 15

Peritrichius

Answer 15

Flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of cell

Question 16

Gram positive

Answer 16

Thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan
Inner cytoplasmic membrane
Function of trichroic and lipoteichoic acid
En,argument during cell division
Acidic charge on cell surface

Question 17

Gram negative

Answer 17

Single thin sheet of peptidoglycan

Contains lipopolysacchoride

Question 18

Capsule made of

Answer 18

Glycocalyx

Question 19

Capsule helpful to bacterium

Answer 19

Protect against WBC

Blocks the mechanism that phagocytes use to attach to and engulf bacteria

Question 20

Glycocalx

Answer 20

Protects the bacteria

Helps it adhere to surfaces

Question 21

Chromatin

Answer 21

A prominent feature of the nucleoplasm in stained preparations is a network of dark fibers

Question 22

Histone

Answer 22

Proteins associated with eukaryotic DNA. These simple proteins serve as winding spools to compact and condense the chromosomes

Question 23

Trophozoite

Answer 23

Stage requires food and moisture to remain active

Question 24

Saprobes

Answer 24

They obtain these substrates from remnants of dead plants and animals in soil or aquatic habitats

Question 25

Hyphae

Answer 25

Long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds

Question 26

Pseudohyphae

Answer 26

A chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row

Question 27

Mycelium

Answer 27

Woven intertwining mass of hyphAe that makes up the body or colony of a mold

Question 28

Intermediate host

Answer 28

Larval development occurs is the intermediate

Question 29

Definitive host

Answer 29

Adulthood and mating

Question 30

Host range

Answer 30

Infects only liver cells of humans

Question 31

Bacteriophages

Answer 31

Contain double stranded DNA

Question 32

Prophage

Answer 32

Inactive state, during which it is inserted into the bacterial chromosome

Question 33

Viral multiplication

Answer 33

Adsorption Penetration Uncoating Synthesis

Question 34

Cytopathic effects

Answer 34

Virus- induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance

Question 35

Plaques

Answer 35

Where virus-infected cells have been destroyed show up as clear, well defined patches in the cell sheet

Question 36

Prions

Answer 36

Fibrils are the agents of the disease

Question 37

Reverse transcriptase

Answer 37

Synthesizing DNA from RNA

Question 38

Transduction

Answer 38

One way that genes for toxin production and drug resistance are transferred between bacteria

Question 39

Naked viruses

Answer 39

Viruses that consist of only a nucleocapsid

Question 40

Oncoviruses

Answer 40

Mammalian viruses capable of initiating tumors

Question 41

Lysogeny

Answer 41

Host chromosomes carries bacteriophage DNA

Question 42

Induction

Answer 42

The prophase in a lysogenic cell will be activated and progress directly into viral replication and the lyric cycle

Question 43

Lysogenic conversion

Answer 43

Bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage

Question 44

Bacterial cells

Answer 44

Capable of carrying out all necessary life activities | Reproduction, metabolism, nutrient processing

Question 45

Where is the ribosomal RNA made in eukaryotic cells

Answer 45

Nucleolus

Question 46

Why types of organisms have cell walls

Answer 46

Bacteria Fungi Plants

Question 47

Protozoan cysts

Answer 47

Infectious form of many protozoan parasites, usually passed in feces

Question 48

Table 5.5

Answer 48

Nematodes= roundworms Flatworms Trematodes= flukes Cestodes= tapeworms

Question 49

Viral spikes

Answer 49

A peplomer is a glycoprotein spike on a viral capsid