Chapter 8 - Aphasias

Question 1

What are some risk factors for stroke?

Answer 1

high blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, poor diet.

Question 2

What are some risk factors for stroke?

Answer 2

high blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, poor diet.

Question 3

What is the holistic approach?

Answer 3

The opposite of what the localizationists believed. Felt the brain functioned as an integrated unit & a lesion in one area can affect functions in many other areas. (JOHN JACKSON)

Question 4

What is the connectionist theory?

Answer 4

Most current/ accepted theory. Believes the area around the sylvan fissure (perisylvan area) in the LH is important for language. Emphasizes the importance of connections.

Question 5

What are paraphasias?

Answer 5

Speech errors produced by people with aphasia.

Question 6

T/F. The premotor cortex is only used only in language for writing, according to the connectionist model.

Answer 6

True.

Question 7

According to the connectionist model, the premotor cortex is used only in language for writing.

Answer 7

True.

Question 8

Describe spontaneous speech using the connectionist model.

Answer 8

Wernicke’s plans words —> Broca’s (via arcuate fasciculus) makes action plan —> Primary motor cortex executes action plan —-> pyramidal tract (corticobulbar) —> appropriate cranial nerves —> speech muscles.

Question 9

Describe repetition using the connectionist model.

Answer 9

auditory info to ears —> primary auditory cortex —> Wernicke’s —> Broca’s (via arcuate fasciculus) —> primary motor cortex —> pyramidal tract (corticobulbar) —> appropriate cranial nerves —> speech muscles.

Question 10

Describe comprehension of speech using the connectionist model.

Answer 10

auditory info into the ears —> primary auditory cortex (codes for Wernicke’s) —> Wernicke’s makes meaning of what was heard.

Question 11

Describe reading using the connectionist model.

Answer 11

visual info into the eyes —> primary visual cortex (codes for Wernicke’s) —> Wernicke’s makes meaning of what is being read.

Question 12

Describe reading using the connectionist model.

Question 13

For comprehension of speech and printed materials, information coming in to the RH is sent to Wernicke’s in the LH via _____.

Answer 13

posterior corpus callosum. if the info is coming in to the LH, it reaches Wernicke’s via association fibers.

Question 14

Broca and Wernicke believed in the holistic approach.

Answer 14

False - they were localizationists.

Question 15

What are three types of paraphasias?

Answer 15

Phonemic (aka literal), Semantic/verbal, neologism.

Question 16

What is a neologism?

Answer 16

nonsense words.

Question 17

What kind of paraphasia is present when someone says “make” for “bake”?

Answer 17

Phonemic aka literal.

Question 18

Saying doctor instead of nurse is an example of what kind of paraphasia?

Answer 18

Semantic/verbal.

Question 19

What are important factors used in classifying aphasias?

Answer 19

1) speech fluency, 2) paraphasias, 3) repetition, 4) language comprehension, 5) site of lesion.

Question 20

Name the four non-fluent aphasias.

Answer 20

1) Broca’s
2) Transcortical Motor (TMA),
3) Mixed Transcortical (MTA),
4) Global

Question 21

Name the four fluent aphasias.

Answer 21

1) Wernicke’s
2) Transcortical Sensory (TSA)
3) Conduction
4) Anomic

Question 22

If there is damage to the cortical centers served by the MCA, which Aphasias are likely to occur?

Answer 22

1) Broca’s, 2) Wernicke’s, 3) Global

Question 23

If there is damage to the association fibers important for language, which Aphasias are likely to occur?

Answer 23

1) Transcorticals (motor, sensory, mixed

2) Conduction

Question 24

Subcortical aphasias are controversial, which areas are likely damaged?

Answer 24

basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus.

Question 25

T/F Anomic aphasia is caused by damage to the MCA.

Answer 25

False- site of lesion isn't clear.

Question 26

T/F Broca's aphasia is caused by damage to the posterior branch of the MCA.

Answer 26

False- anterior branch.

Question 27

What are some language characteristics of Broca's aphasia?

Answer 27

Non fluent, AGRAMMATISM aka telegraphic speech, monotone, misarticulations, speak in mainly content words and "and", repetition = impaired, comprehension is good, good self-monitoring, slow and effortful writing.

Question 28

Identify a type of aphasia from this writing sample: "cigarette - the smoke it." "comb- hair." "fork- the eat out."

Answer 28

Broca's - using content words.

Question 29

Wernicke's is due to occlusion in what area of the brain and what artery?

Answer 29

posterior superior temporal lobe in language dominant hemisphere; (MCA posterior branch).

Question 30

What are some language characteristics of Wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 30

``` IMPAIRED AUDITORY COMPREHENSION, fluent, normal intonation, may pause for word retrieval, neologisms, paraphasias, empty speech, circumlocution ```

Question 31

What is logorrhea? Which aphasia has this characteristic?

Answer 31

talking nonstop, Wernicke's.

Question 32

T/F Wernicke's patients often have hemiparesis of the left side.

Answer 32

False - no hemiplegia.

Question 33

Explain why a Wernicke's pt would have visual deficits.

Answer 33

due to nearness of the optic tract.

Question 34

Identify the type of aphasia by looking at this speech sample: **note: handwriting is nice** "That cigarette is not easy." "I put quarter in my pocket." "I go in the kitchen three times a day so I put the fork, knife, spoon in my."

Answer 34

Wernicke's. pg. 302

Question 35

Damage to the trunk of the MCA can cause what kind of aphasia?

Answer 35

Global.

Question 36

What are some language characteristic of global aphasia?

Answer 36

Impaired comprehension, severe language deficits, limited to few words, exclamations, stereotypical utterance, overlearned phrases, socially appropriate, reading & writing is bad.

Question 37

T/F Global aphasias are very rare- about 5-10% of aphasias.

Answer 37

False - Conduction.

Question 38

Conduction aphasia's most dominant feature is __________.

Answer 38

great difficulty with repetition.

Question 39

What are some language characteristics of conduction aphasia?

Answer 39

Difficulty repeating, correct themselves frequently unsuccessfully, fluent, comprehension is spared, little paraphasias, difficulty reading out loud.

Question 40

Why is it difficult for pts with conduction aphasia to repeat words?

Answer 40

B/c connection b/w Broca's & Wernicke's isn't good.

Question 41

What is the defining characteristic of the Transcortical aphasias?

Answer 41

Preserved repetition.

Question 42

T/F For the transcortical aphasias, Broca's, Wernicke's, and arcuate fasciculus are spared (in tact).

Answer 42

True.

Question 43

What differentiates TCMA from Broca's?

Answer 43

Repetition is preserved.

Question 44

Where is the damage for TCMA?

Answer 44

Anterior superior frontal lobe and areas that are supplied by the anterior branch of the MCA and the anterior cerebral artery.

Question 45

Defining characteristic of TCMA is _________.

Answer 45

Inertia- difficulty initiating speech.

Question 46

What are some language characteristics of TCMA?

Answer 46

reduced speech, good repetition, disturbed writing, inertia, good aud. comprehension, right-sided hemiplegia/paresis, attentive and alert.

Question 47

Where is the damage for TCSA?

Answer 47

posterior temporoparietal region - sparing Wernicke's.

Question 48

What are some language characteristics for TCSA?

Answer 48

preserved repetition, no inertia, echolalia, deficits in comprehension of spoken and written language, difficulty reading, fluent but empty speech, don't have urge to speak like Wernicke's, difficulty following commands.

Question 49

Why is comprehension of spoken and written language impaired for pts with TCSA?

Answer 49

B/c Wernicke's area is isolated and surrounding areas are damaged.

Question 50

How does TCSA differ from Wernicke's?

Answer 50

They are able to repeat, they don't have logorrhea or urge to speak, comprehension is not as good in TCSA as it is in Wernicke's.

Question 51

T/F Mixed transcortical aphasia is rare.

Answer 51

True.

Question 52

Where is the damage in MTCA?

Answer 52

watershed areas, sparing major language areas.

Question 53

Carbon monoxide poisoning, cerebral hypoxia, and other similar conditions may reduce the bloodflow to the cerebral arteries. What aphasia is associated with these conditions?

Answer 53

Mixed transcortical aphasia.

Question 54

What are some language characteristics of MTCA?

Answer 54

good repetition, echolalia, nonfluent, compared w/ global but better repetition, no functional aud. comprehension, impaired reading and writing.