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Neurogenics > Chapter 8 - Aphasias > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Aphasias Flashcards

1
Q

What are some risk factors for stroke?

A

high blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, poor diet.

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2
Q

What are some risk factors for stroke?

A

high blood pressure, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes, obesity, high cholesterol, lack of exercise, poor diet.

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3
Q

What is the holistic approach?

A

The opposite of what the localizationists believed. Felt the brain functioned as an integrated unit & a lesion in one area can affect functions in many other areas. (JOHN JACKSON)

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4
Q

What is the connectionist theory?

A

Most current/ accepted theory. Believes the area around the sylvan fissure (perisylvan area) in the LH is important for language. Emphasizes the importance of connections.

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5
Q

What are paraphasias?

A

Speech errors produced by people with aphasia.

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6
Q

T/F. The premotor cortex is only used only in language for writing, according to the connectionist model.

A

True.

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7
Q

According to the connectionist model, the premotor cortex is used only in language for writing.

A

True.

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8
Q

Describe spontaneous speech using the connectionist model.

A

Wernicke’s plans words —> Broca’s (via arcuate fasciculus) makes action plan —> Primary motor cortex executes action plan —-> pyramidal tract (corticobulbar) —> appropriate cranial nerves —> speech muscles.

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9
Q

Describe repetition using the connectionist model.

A

auditory info to ears —> primary auditory cortex —> Wernicke’s —> Broca’s (via arcuate fasciculus) —> primary motor cortex —> pyramidal tract (corticobulbar) —> appropriate cranial nerves —> speech muscles.

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10
Q

Describe comprehension of speech using the connectionist model.

A

auditory info into the ears —> primary auditory cortex (codes for Wernicke’s) —> Wernicke’s makes meaning of what was heard.

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11
Q

Describe reading using the connectionist model.

A

visual info into the eyes —> primary visual cortex (codes for Wernicke’s) —> Wernicke’s makes meaning of what is being read.

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12
Q

Describe reading using the connectionist model.

A
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13
Q

For comprehension of speech and printed materials, information coming in to the RH is sent to Wernicke’s in the LH via _____.

A

posterior corpus callosum. if the info is coming in to the LH, it reaches Wernicke’s via association fibers.

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14
Q

Broca and Wernicke believed in the holistic approach.

A

False - they were localizationists.

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15
Q

What are three types of paraphasias?

A

Phonemic (aka literal), Semantic/verbal, neologism.

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16
Q

What is a neologism?

A

nonsense words.

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17
Q

What kind of paraphasia is present when someone says “make” for “bake”?

A

Phonemic aka literal.

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18
Q

Saying doctor instead of nurse is an example of what kind of paraphasia?

A

Semantic/verbal.

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19
Q

What are important factors used in classifying aphasias?

A

1) speech fluency, 2) paraphasias, 3) repetition, 4) language comprehension, 5) site of lesion.

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20
Q

Name the four non-fluent aphasias.

A

1) Broca’s
2) Transcortical Motor (TMA),
3) Mixed Transcortical (MTA),
4) Global

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21
Q

Name the four fluent aphasias.

A

1) Wernicke’s
2) Transcortical Sensory (TSA)
3) Conduction
4) Anomic

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22
Q

If there is damage to the cortical centers served by the MCA, which Aphasias are likely to occur?

A

1) Broca’s, 2) Wernicke’s, 3) Global

23
Q

If there is damage to the association fibers important for language, which Aphasias are likely to occur?

A

1) Transcorticals (motor, sensory, mixed

2) Conduction

24
Q

Subcortical aphasias are controversial, which areas are likely damaged?

A

basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus.

25
Q

T/F Anomic aphasia is caused by damage to the MCA.

A

False- site of lesion isn’t clear.

26
Q

T/F Broca’s aphasia is caused by damage to the posterior branch of the MCA.

A

False- anterior branch.

27
Q

What are some language characteristics of Broca’s aphasia?

A

Non fluent,
AGRAMMATISM aka telegraphic speech, monotone,
misarticulations,
speak in mainly content words and “and”, repetition = impaired,
comprehension is good,
good self-monitoring,
slow and effortful writing.

28
Q

Identify a type of aphasia from this writing sample: “cigarette - the smoke it.”
“comb- hair.”
“fork- the eat out.”

A

Broca’s - using content words.

29
Q

Wernicke’s is due to occlusion in what area of the brain and what artery?

A

posterior superior temporal lobe in language dominant hemisphere; (MCA posterior branch).

30
Q

What are some language characteristics of Wernicke’s aphasia?

A 
IMPAIRED AUDITORY COMPREHENSION, 
fluent, 
normal intonation, 
may pause for word retrieval,
neologisms,
paraphasias,
empty speech, 
circumlocution
31
Q

What is logorrhea? Which aphasia has this characteristic?

A

talking nonstop, Wernicke’s.

32
Q

T/F Wernicke’s patients often have hemiparesis of the left side.

A

False - no hemiplegia.

33
Q

Explain why a Wernicke’s pt would have visual deficits.

A

due to nearness of the optic tract.

34
Q

Identify the type of aphasia by looking at this speech sample: note: handwriting is nice
“That cigarette is not easy.”
“I put quarter in my pocket.”
“I go in the kitchen three times a day so I put the fork, knife, spoon in my.”

A

Wernicke’s. pg. 302

35
Q

Damage to the trunk of the MCA can cause what kind of aphasia?

A

Global.

36
Q

What are some language characteristic of global aphasia?

A

Impaired comprehension, severe language deficits, limited to few words, exclamations, stereotypical utterance, overlearned phrases, socially appropriate, reading & writing is bad.

37
Q

T/F Global aphasias are very rare- about 5-10% of aphasias.

A

False - Conduction.

38
Q

Conduction aphasia’s most dominant feature is __________.

A

great difficulty with repetition.

39
Q

What are some language characteristics of conduction aphasia?

A

Difficulty repeating, correct themselves frequently unsuccessfully, fluent, comprehension is spared, little paraphasias, difficulty reading out loud.

40
Q

Why is it difficult for pts with conduction aphasia to repeat words?

A

B/c connection b/w Broca’s & Wernicke’s isn’t good.

41
Q

What is the defining characteristic of the Transcortical aphasias?

A

Preserved repetition.

42
Q

T/F For the transcortical aphasias, Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and arcuate fasciculus are spared (in tact).

A

True.

43
Q

What differentiates TCMA from Broca’s?

A

Repetition is preserved.

44
Q

Where is the damage for TCMA?

A

Anterior superior frontal lobe and areas that are supplied by the anterior branch of the MCA and the anterior cerebral artery.

45
Q

Defining characteristic of TCMA is _________.

A

Inertia- difficulty initiating speech.

46
Q

What are some language characteristics of TCMA?

A

reduced speech, good repetition, disturbed writing, inertia, good aud. comprehension, right-sided hemiplegia/paresis, attentive and alert.

47
Q

Where is the damage for TCSA?

A

posterior temporoparietal region - sparing Wernicke’s.

48
Q

What are some language characteristics for TCSA?

A

preserved repetition, no inertia, echolalia, deficits in comprehension of spoken and written language, difficulty reading, fluent but empty speech, don’t have urge to speak like Wernicke’s, difficulty following commands.

49
Q

Why is comprehension of spoken and written language impaired for pts with TCSA?

A

B/c Wernicke’s area is isolated and surrounding areas are damaged.

50
Q

How does TCSA differ from Wernicke’s?

A

They are able to repeat, they don’t have logorrhea or urge to speak, comprehension is not as good in TCSA as it is in Wernicke’s.

51
Q

T/F Mixed transcortical aphasia is rare.

A

True.

52
Q

Where is the damage in MTCA?

A

watershed areas, sparing major language areas.

53
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning, cerebral hypoxia, and other similar conditions may reduce the bloodflow to the cerebral arteries. What aphasia is associated with these conditions?

A

Mixed transcortical aphasia.

54
Q

What are some language characteristics of MTCA?

A

good repetition, echolalia, nonfluent, compared w/ global but better repetition, no functional aud. comprehension, impaired reading and writing.

Neurogenics (9 decks)

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