Chapter 8 - Memory

Question 0

three basic types of memory

Answer 0

sensory, working, long-term

Question 1

system for filing and retrieving information

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

memory in which information for short term use is stored

Answer 2

working memory

Question 3

memory lasting no more than a few seconds, impression of sensory stimulus stored

Answer 3

sensory memory

Question 4

memory in which information that can last a lifetime is stored

Answer 4

long term memory

Question 5

process by which sensory information is converted into storable form

Answer 5

encoding

Question 6

process by which encoded information is placed in memory

Answer 6

storage

Question 7

inability to retrieve previously stored information

Answer 7

forgetting

Question 8

process by which previously stored information is moved from long-term memory to working memory

Answer 8

retrieval

Question 9

parts of the brain that make up sensory memory, each sense has one

Answer 9

sensory registers

Question 10

parts of brain active during creation of sensory memory

Answer 10

visual cortex, audio cortex, sensory cortex, frontal lobe (to some extent)

Question 11

types of sensory memory

Answer 11

iconic memory involves visual stimuli

echoic memory involves auditory stimuli

Question 12

ability to recall detailed images vividly after looking at them for a short period of time

Answer 12

eidetic memory

Question 13

applying the mind to a sense or thought

Answer 13

attention

Question 14

process of encoding that involves paying specific attention to the information being remembered

Answer 14

conscious encoding

Question 15

process of encoding that does not involve any deliberate thought or action

Answer 15

unconscious coding

Question 16

process of encoding images / sounds / meaning

Answer 16

visual encoding / auditory encoding / semantic encoding

Question 17

process of organizing large pieces of information into smaller pieces

Answer 17

chunking

Question 18

process of repeating information with the intent of learning it

Answer 18

rote rehersal

Question 19

ability to recall information given first when given a list of things to remember

Answer 19

primacy effect

Question 20

ability to recall information in a list depending on its position

Answer 20

serial position effect

Question 21

ability to recall information most recently stored when given a list of things to remember

Answer 21

recency effect

Question 22

type of encoding interference in which information is never actually stored due to lack of attention

Answer 22

pseudoforgetting

Question 23

type of forgetting in which person is specifically told to forget something

Answer 23

cued forgetting

Question 24

memories of which a person is consciously aware

Answer 24

explicit memories

Question 25

memories of which a person is not consciously aware

Answer 25

impilicit memories

Question 26

containing factual and conceptual information that is not directly linked to life events

Answer 26

semantic

Question 27

process of activating associations in memory just before starting a certain task; used to prove existence of implicit memory

Answer 27

priming

Question 28

memories in which a person remembers an entire sequence of events

Answer 28

episodic memories

Question 29

type of memory consisting of learned habits and skills

Answer 29

procedural memory

Question 30

process in which an implicit memory forms because of repeated exposure to a stimulus that causes a reaction in a person

Answer 30

conditioning

Question 31

process in which repeated exposure to a stimulus reduces response to that stimulus

Answer 31

habituation

Question 32

diminishing of conditioned response, most often through removal of the reinforcement associated with it

Answer 32

extinction

Question 33

process by which person gives meaning to information for the purpose of storing it in long-term memory

Answer 33

elaborative rehearsal

Question 34

memory aids that give rhyme or reason to lists or other pieces of information

Answer 34

mnemonics

Question 35

memories that are immediately stored in long term memory and that are caused by emotional events

Answer 35

flashbulb memories

Question 36

level of processing in which a word's sound or appearance is encoded

Answer 36

shallow processing

Question 37

level of processing in which a word's meaning is encoded

Answer 37

deep processing

Question 38

part of brain involved in processing explicit memories, recognizing and recalling long-term memories, and conditioning

Answer 38

hippocampus

Question 39

part of the brain involved in conditioning and forming procedural memories and habits related to movement

Answer 39

cerebellum

Question 40

area between neurons across which nerve impulses travel

Answer 40

synapse

Question 41

set of interconnected structures in brain involved in forming procedural memories and habits related to movement

Answer 41

basal ganglia

Question 42

major biological basis for memory

Answer 42

long term potentiation

Question 43

process of matching an external stimulus to a stored memory

Answer 43

recognition

Question 44

process of retrieving a stored memory in the absence of external stimuli

Answer 44

recall

Question 45

easier to retrieve info when it is in the same context as when it was encoded

Answer 45

context effect

Question 46

stimulus that helps retrieve info from memory

Answer 46

retrieval clue

Question 47

stored memory that is more easily retrieved when in the same state of mind as when it was encoded

Answer 47

state-dependent memory

Question 48

phenomenon in which previously learned information interferes with ability to recall new info

Answer 48

proactive interference

Question 49

phenomenon in which new info interferes with recalling previously learned info

Answer 49

retroactive interference

Question 50

graphical representation of how quicly a person tends to forget info

Answer 50

forgetting curve

Question 51

state in which a person's fight or flight response is fully activated

Answer 51

hypervigilance

Question 52

law that performance generally peaks with moderate level of arousal

Answer 52

Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 53

phenomenon in which many memories fade over time

Answer 53

storage decay

Question 54

memory loss characterized by inability to form new long-term memories

Answer 54

anteretrograde amnesia

Question 55

memory loss characterized by loss of past memories

Answer 55

retrograde amnesia

Question 56

phenomenon in which you remember info but forget or misrember where it came from

Answer 56

source amnesia

Question 57

three sins of forgetting

Answer 57

absent-mindedness (attention problem), transience (storage decay), blocking (retrieval failure)

Question 58

three sins of distortion

Answer 58

misattribution (source amnesia), suggestibility (create false memories), bias (memories favor personal biases over accuracy)

Question 59

one sin of intrusion

Answer 59

persistence (of genuine and false memories, PTSD)

Question 60

sin categories of Daniel Schacter

Answer 60

forgetting (absent-mindedness, transience, blocking) distortion (misattribution, suggestibility, bias) intrusion (persistence)

Question 61

types of forgetting

Answer 61

pseudoforgetting, cued forgetting

Question 62

Organization of long-term memory

Answer 62

``` explicit memories (consciously aware); semantic & episodic memories implicit memories (not consciously aware); procedural memories & conditioning ```

Question 63

encoding method that makes connections between new information and information we already know

Answer 63

elaborative rehearsal

Question 64

levels of processing

Answer 64

``` shallow processing (word's sound or appearance) deep processing (word's meaning) ```

Question 65

part of brain largely responsible for processing explicit memories / implicit memories

Answer 65

hippocampus hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia

Question 66

why do we forget things

Answer 66

interference (proactive, retroactive) and storage decay