Chapter 3 - The Brain Flashcards by R R

part of nervous system that serves limbs and organs

PNS

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biggest part of the nervous system

CNS

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part of PNS that picks up stimuli, coordinates movements, and performs other consciously controlled tasks

somatic nervous system

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part of the PNS thst performs tasks not under conscious control

autonomic nervous system

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part of ANS that is always active and acts as an accelerator for organs

sympathetic nervous system

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part of ANS that is responsible for functions that do not rewuire immediate actions and acts as a brake for organs

parasympathetic nervous system

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excitable cells that receive different types of stimulation; building blocks of nervous system

neurons

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relatively short, bushy, branch-like structures thwt emerge from neuron cell body and receive signals from adjoining neurons

dendrites

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cell body of a neuron

soma

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cable-like extension that transmit signal away from soma

axon

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fatty substance that coats and insulates axons

myelin

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structures at the ends of the branches that extend from axons

terminal buttons

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carry info from sensory receptors to brain as coded signal

sensory neurons

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carry info away from CNS to muscles and glands

motor neurons

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carry info between sensory and motor neurons

interneurons

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cells that support neurons, keep them in place, create myelin, provide nutrition and insulation

glial cells (glia)

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fatty envelope that filters substances trying to leave bloodstream and enter brain

blood-brain barrier

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large community of neurons

network

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tight grouping of neurons

nerve

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process in ehich neurons is instructed not to transmit info to other neurons

inhibition

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number of positive inputs a neuron must receive before it transmits information

threshold

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once the threshold for wpa particular neuron is reached, it will transmit all its information, no matter how many more positive inputs it receives over that threshold

all-or-none principle

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electrochemical ripple from cell body to terminal buttons snd terminates in release of neurotransmitter

action potential

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relatively negative state inside neuron in which fluid filled interior contains a surplus of negatively charaged particles

resting potential

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parts of an axon that are not insulated by myelin

nodes of Ranvier

area between neurons across which nerve impulses travel

synapse

narrow space between transmitting neuron terminal buttons and receiving neuron dendrites

synaptic cleft

chemical message created by a synapse from an electrical message transmitted by terminal buttons

neurotransmitter

process in which a neurotransmitter is put back into presynsptic neuron

reuptake

describes flexible ability to grow and change

plasticity

organinzed simple reflexes and rhythmic movements

spinal cord

rapid and automatic neuromuscular actions generates in response to specific stimulus

reflex

responsible for survival oriented functions such as breathing, cardiac function, and basic arousal

brain stem

part of brain that controls socialand emotional behavior and influences some cognitive processs like memory

limbic system

parts of limbic system

amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cingulate cortex

evolutionarily newest part of the brain that enables symbolic representation

neocortex

part of neocortex responsible for exective functions

prefrontal cortex

part of brain essential for the cognitive experience of emotionl mediating conflicting thoughts, and making choices between right and wrong

prefrontal cortex

largest opening in the skull

foramen magnum

brain swelling would affect these regions

brainstem: medulla and pons

part of brain that regulates cardiac and respiratory function

medulla

part of brain involved in sleep, dreaming, right-left body coordination, and arousal

pons

part of brain that receives, processes, and sends sensory information to the cerebral cortex

thalamus

helps regulate states of arousal, sleep and wakefulness, and consciousness

thalamus

part of brain mainly involved in coordination of sensory and motor information

cerebral cortex

what does spinal cord injury paralyze

person may lose all functions controlled by the area of the spine below the injury

part of brain that coordinates muscle movements and maintains equilibrium. Involved in conditioning and forming procedural memories and habits related to movement.

cerebellum

set of interconnected structures in brain that help with motor control, cognition, different forms of learning, and emotional processing. Involved in forming procedural memories and habits elated to movement.

basal ganglia

part of basal ganglia involved in control of voluntary movement, and part of the brain's learning and memory system

caudate

part of basal ganglia involved in reinforcement learning

putamen

part of basal ganglia that relays info from caudate and putamen to thalamus

globud pallidus

involved in fear detection and conditioning, essential for unconscious emotional resonses like fight or flight

amygdala

psrts of basal ganglia

putsmen, caudate, globus pallidus

part of brain involved in processing explicit memories, recognizing and recalling long term memories, and conditioning

hippocampus

small structure that links nervous and endocrine systems

hypothalamus

part of brain involved in emotion, response selection, personal orientation, and memory formation and retrieval

cingulate cortex

parts of cingulate cortex

anterior cingulate, midcingulate, posterior cingulate, and retrosplenial cortexes

physiological response to stressors triggered by amygdala

fight of flight response

large band of axons connecting two hemispheres of brain

corpus callosum

srea of brain that serves ad an executive control system for behavior; involved in physical perception of pain

snterior cingulate cortex

part of brain primarily involved in response selection

midcingulate cortex

part of brain primarily involved in personsl orientation

poeterior cingulate cortex

part cingulate cortex primarily involved in memory formation and retrival

retrosplenial cortex

substance that makes up the cerebral cortex

gray matter

bulges in the cerebral cortex

gyri

grooves in the cerebral cortex

sulci

consisted of myelinated axons that form connections within the brain

white matter

part of each lobe of cerebral cortex that serves basic sensory and motor functions

primary cortex

part of lobes of cerebral cortex that help basic sensory and motor information from a specific lobe integrate with information from the rest of the brain

association cortex

parts of brain involved in visual processing

occipital lobes

smalles lobes in the brain

occipital lobes

part of brain that receives input from eyes and translates that input into what people see

primary visual cortex

parts of brain involved in auditory processing

temporal lobes

parts of brain primarily concerned with bodily sensations, including touch, taste, and temperature

parietal lobes

part of brain involved in auditory processing

primary auditory cortex

part of parietal lobes that receives and interprets info about bodily sensations

primary somatosensory cortex

parts of brain that perform variety of integration and management functions

frontal lobes

part of brain involved in encoding and storing working and long term memory, and to a lesser extent, sensory memory processin

frontal lobes

describes one side controlling opposite side

contralateral

describes one side controlling same side

ipsilateral

___ connects the brain to the spinal nerves

spinal cord

human brain has three major characteristics

integration, sophistication, adaptability

who proposed synaptic plasticity, what did it account for

Donald Hebb, more cells communicate, more plentiful synaptic connections become, accounts for how the brain learns and retains memories

two theories of how brain recovers from damage

1. brain cannot make new functional neurons, so it recruits and strengthens smaller, underutilized ones 2. adult neurogenesis does occur in certain brain regions

what allows an electrical signsl to travel down an axon

movement of charged particles

job of the spinal cord

keep you alive with simple reflexes

language is most commonly found in the

left hemisphere

Chapter 3 - The Brain Flashcards

(87 cards)