Chapter 7 - Learning

Question 0

difference between what a person learns and its application

Answer 0

learning-performance distinction

Question 1

process by which experience results in relatively permanent change in behavior

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

method of studying learning in which researchers only focus on directly observable responses, discarding any references to inner thoughts, feelings and motives

Answer 2

behaviorism

Question 3

process of learning associations in which an implicit memory forms because of repeated exposure to a certain stimulus

Answer 3

conditioning

Question 4

learning characterized by linking two events together

Answer 4

associative learning

Question 5

gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when an unconditioned stimulus is taken away; dolphin stops doing trick when trainer stops giving fish as a reward

Answer 5

extinction

Question 6

reoccurence of learned behavior after extinction

Answer 6

spontaneous recovery

Question 7

ability to reacquire learned behavior in less time than it took to originally learn

Answer 7

savings

Question 8

process in which learner reacts to particular object or situation in the same way that he reacts to one that resembles it

Answer 8

generalization

Question 9

cue signaling that a particular response will be reinforced or punished; = mother whose child calls all women Mama

Answer 9

discriminative stimulus

Question 10

process in which a learner is trained to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

Answer 10

stimulus discrimination

Question 11

learning that is exhibited only in the presence of an incentive

Answer 11

latent learning

Question 12

mental representation of an environement

Answer 12

cognitive map

Question 13

characterized by the desire to do things because they are interesting, challenging, satisfying, or enjoyable

Answer 13

intrinsically motivated

Question 14

desire to compelte a behavior because it will lead to a reward or avoid punishment

Answer 14

extrinsic motivation

Question 15

undermining of intrinsic motivation through excessive rewards

Answer 15

overjustification

Question 16

tendancy to revert to instinctual behaviors after being trained to have new behaviors

Answer 16

instinctual drift

Question 17

form of conditioning in which exposure to a flavor paired with sickness will produce consistent aversion to that flavor

Answer 17

taste-aversion learning

Question 18

phenomenon in which two stimuli are associated, thus creating a reflex response

Answer 18

classical conditioning

Question 19

an original unlearned stimulus that elicits a certain reflex action

Answer 19

unconditioned stimulus

Question 20

reflex action illicited by an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 20

unconditioned response

Question 21

event that is repeatedly paired with a particular uncondited stimulus

Answer 21

conditioned stimulus

Question 22

learned reaction triggered by a conditioned stimulus, even in the absence of an associated unconditioned stimulus

Answer 22

conditioned response

Question 23

type of classical conditioning in which cs and us are presented at the same time

Answer 23

simultaneous conditioning

Question 24

type of classical conditioning in which the cs is presented before the us and doesn't end until the us is presented

Answer 24

delayed conditioning

Question 25

type of classical conditioning in which the cs is presented after the us; rarely successful

Answer 25

backward conditioning

Question 26

type of classical conditioning in which the cs is paired with a neutral stimulus, which might become a second cs even though it has never been directly related to the us

Answer 26

second order conditioning

Question 27

study of how psychology relates to events involving the nervous and immune systems

Answer 27

psychoneuroimmunology

Question 28

type of learning in which organisms associate their actions with consequences

Answer 28

operant conditioning

Question 29

responses that an organism makes to produce an effect on the environment

Answer 29

operant behavior

Question 30

an act that causes a response to be more likely to occur

Answer 30

reinforcement

Question 31

if a response produces a satisfying effect, it is likely to occur again

Answer 31

law of effect

Question 32

three part process; learn that in the presence of certain stimuli, behavior is likely to have a certain effect on the environemnt; Skinner's model to analyze behavior

Answer 32

three-term contingency

Question 33

components of three-term contingency

Answer 33

``` discriminative stimulus (bar) operant response (pushing the bar) reinforcer/punisher (receiving food or water) ```

Question 34

act that causes a particular effect on the environment

Answer 34

operant response

Question 35

positive or negative consequence caused by an operant response

Answer 35

reinforcer/punisher

Question 36

strengthens a response by presenting a pleasurable consequence

Answer 36

positive reinforcer

Question 37

strengthens a response by removing an unpleasant consequence

Answer 37

negative reinforcer

Question 38

satisfies a basic biological need

Answer 38

primary reinforcer

Question 39

becomes satisfying or pleasurable through experience

Answer 39

secondary reinforcer

Question 40

reward that does not immediately follow an action

Answer 40

delayed reinforcement

Question 41

method of reinforcement that ensures a desired response is reinforced every time it occurs

Answer 41

continuous reinforcement

Question 42

method of reinforcement in which responses are sometimes reinforced and sometimes not

Answer 42

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Question 43

sudden shift in the attractiveness of a reward

Answer 43

reward contrast effect

Question 44

4 schedules of partial reinforcement - when is behavior reinforced in each

Answer 44

fixed ratio - after set number of responses variable ratio - after varying and unpredictable number of responses fixed interval - after fixed time period variable interval - after variable period

Question 45

operant conditioning procedure in which individuals earn tokens that can be redeemed for treats or priveleges when they exhibit desireable behavior

Answer 45

token economy

Question 46

preferred activity can be used to reinforce a non-preferred task

Answer 46

Premack principle

Question 47

penalty given in an attempt to decrease occurence of certain behavior

Answer 47

punishment

Question 48

process in which reinforcers are used to guide actions to a desired behavior; uses successive approximations

Answer 48

shaping

Question 49

behaviors that are incrementally closer to the desired action

Answer 49

successive approximations

Question 50

learning by observing and imitating others

Answer 50

observational learning

Question 51

method of shaping complex behavior in which final step in a sequence is reinforced first, becoming a conditioned reinforcer for the preceding response

Answer 51

chaining

Question 52

tendency to pay attention to particular place or object in which someone else has shown interest

Answer 52

stimulus enhancement

Question 53

drive to receive awards that have been obtained in the past

Answer 53

goal enhancement

Question 54

ability to reproduce an action that is being observed

Answer 54

modeling

Question 55

describes models that are positive and helpful

Answer 55

prosocial

Question 56

reduction in learning is proportional to the amout of brain tissue destroyed, no matter where the site of destruction is

Answer 56

mass-action principle

Question 57

periodically scanning an environment to monitor for change

Answer 57

patrolling

Question 58

network of neurons in which memories are stored

Answer 58

cell assembly

Question 59

process in which neural connections are strengthened through the repetition of neurotransmitters traveling across the same synapses

Answer 59

long-term potentiation

Question 60

weakening of a neuronal synapse

Answer 60

long term depression

Question 61

memory consolidation that takes place within a few hours after learning

Answer 61

synaptic consolidation

Question 62

gradual memory consolidation that takes weeks or months that involves reorganization of the brain regions that support memory

Answer 62

system consolidation

Question 63

memory loss following brain damage affects recent memories more than remote memories

Answer 63

Ribot's law

Question 64

the hippocampus provides a spacial framework that enables a person to create a mental map of surroundings

Answer 64

cognitive map theory

Question 65

cell in the hippocampus that only fires when an organism is in a specific location in its natural environment

Answer 65

place cell

Question 66

the hippocampus processes events by linking them into relational frameworks

Answer 66

relational memory theory

Question 67

defensive reaction, part of fear conditioning, governed by amygdala

Answer 67

freezing

Question 68

neuron that responds both when performing and when watching a task

Answer 68

mirror neuron

Question 69

slot machines use what reinforcement schedule

Answer 69

variable ratio schedule high response rates, behavior is difficult to extinguish

Question 70

Name two psychologists who used behaviorism

Answer 70

Skinner, John Watson | though that introspection was too subjective

Question 71

What did Gregory Razran prove about generalization

Answer 71

we general objects that are physically similar and stimuli that have similar subjective meanings

Question 72

what are some biological dispositions in learning

Answer 72

food preferences, fear-related learning biases, place-learning abilities (squirrels)

Question 73

types of classical conditioning

Answer 73

delayed, trace, simultaneous, backward, second-order conditioning, fear conditioning

Question 74

classical conditioning is present in which biological responses

Answer 74

hunger, sexual arousal, immune system, drug tolerance

Question 75

types of reinforcers

Answer 75

positive, negative, primary, secondary, delayed, accidental (superstitions)

Question 76

differences in two main reinforcement schedules

Answer 76

partial (intermittent) reinforcement produces slower initial learning, but is more extinction resistant than continuous reinforcement

Question 77

examples of partial reinforcement schedules

Answer 77

fixed-ratio--frequent flier card variable-ratio--gambling fixed-interval--waiting for paint to dry variable-interval--boss checks your work periodically, check email for new messages

Question 78

method used in animal training to shape complex behavior

Answer 78

chaining

Question 79

punishment and reinforcement are most effective when ______

Answer 79

they immediately follow the performed behavior

Question 80

applications of operant conditioning

Answer 80

education, athletic performance, taxes to discourage fuel use

Question 81

elements of observational learning

Answer 81

stimulus enhancement, goal enhancement, modeling

Question 82

Bandura's experiments

Answer 82

children that had been exposed to violent outbursts were more likely to lash out at Bobo doll, imitate violent behavior they see in adults

Question 83

learning-based activities

Answer 83

play, exploration (may involve patrolling)

Question 84

what strengthens/weakens LTP

Answer 84

strengthened by enriched environments with lots of stimuli, weakened by sleep deprivation

Question 85

where does memory consolidation take place

Answer 85

at a synaptic level (protein synthesis) and at a system level (reorganization of brain regions)

Question 86

what helps consolidate learning

Answer 86

sleep

Question 87

theories about the connection between hippocampus and spatial learning

Answer 87

cognitive map theory (link events in spacial framework, place cells represent global topology) relational memory theory (link events in relational framework, place cells represent relationships between objects)

Question 88

relationship between skill learning and the basal ganglia

Answer 88

cortical restructuring occurs during skills learning, basal ganglia encourage cortical restructuring (esp. reinforcement learning, operant conditioning)

Question 89

parts of brain that help learn motor skills

Answer 89

basal ganglia, posterior parietal cortex, supplementary motor area, cingulate cortex, cerebellum

Question 90

what part of the brain is critical for emotional conditioning

Answer 90

amygdala, especially fear conditioning, damage may cause lack of fear

Question 91

what parts of the brain are involved in conditioning

Answer 91

amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, basal ganglia