Chapter 9 Flashcards by Nich House

Legal documents that govern activities at various levels of government

Codes
Laws
SOPs

Codes

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The two Model codes organizations in US are ICC international codes council and

CDC
NFPA
OSHA

NFPA

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Facilities under jurisdiction of DoD enforce a different set of codes known as

US dept laws
Unified facilities criteria
National law sector

Unified facilities criteria

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ANSI stands for

American national standard institute

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the consensus standard committee (ASTM international) stands for

American society of testing and materials international

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Locally adopted building codes regulate the type of construction based on the intended use, structure size and

-Number of occupants
-the presence or lack of an automatic fire suppression system
-local laws governing then

the presence or lack of an automatic fire suppression system

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The construction materials and their _________ determine the type of building construction

Make up
Fire rating
Resistance to fire exposure

Resistance to fire exposure

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(Building construction) Provides the highest level of protection from fire spread as well as structural collapse

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type I fire resistive

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Reinforced concrete, precast concrete, and protected steel frame construction meet the criteria for

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type I fire resistive

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Buildings classified as ____ are composed of materials that will not contribute to fire development or spread

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type II noncombustible

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The most common form of this construction type includes metal framing members, metal cladding, or concrete block wall construction and unprotected, open web joists supporting metal roof decks

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type II noncombustible

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This construction type is commonly found in mercantile, business, residential structures, and older schools

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type III ordinary construction

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This construction type requires that exterior walls and structural members be constructed of noncombustible or limited combustible materials. Interior walls, columns, beams, floors and roofs are completely or partially constructed of wood

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary construction
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type III ordinary construction

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This construction type is characterized by the use of large dimensioned lumber or laminated wood

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type IV heavy timber

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This construction type is extremely stable and resistant to collapse due to the sheer mass of the structural members

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type IV heavy timber

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In this type of construction, the exterior load bearing walls are composed entirely of wood

Type I fire resistive
Type II noncombustible
Type III ordinary combustible
Type IV heavy timber
Type V wood frame

Type V wood frame

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Size up, duration of fire, and _____ at the scene are more important indicators of structural collapse than the construction methods used

Fireground actions
Monetary loss
Number of firefighters

Fireground actions

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Occupancy type that states any structure or compartment that is used for the gathering of 50 or more persons

Factory/industrial
Assembly
Business
Educational

Assembly

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This occupancy type is normally divided into group area’s and individual working spaces. Fire and smoke can move unimpeded throughout large spaces

Factory/industrial
Educational
Business
Institutional

Business

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This occupancy type is a structure that is used by six or more persons through 12th grade that meets for four hours in a day or more than 12 hours in a week

Educational

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Healthcare, ambulatory health care, and detention and correctional are all part of what occupancy type

Business
Assembly
Institutional
Residential

Institutional

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This occupancy type states locations where lodging, boarding, and personal care are provided to four or more residents who are unrelated to the owner or operator

Residential
Residential board and care
Ambulatory health care
Health care

Residential board and care

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This occupancy type will provide care, maintenance, and supervision of persons or any age for periods of less than 24 hours per day

Health care
Residential
Day care

Day care

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Occupancy type that is any building that is used to display or sell merchandise

Mercantile

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occupancy type that provides sleeping Accommodations under conditions, other than those defined for healthcare or detention and correctional occupancies Mercantile Residential Storage

Residential

The five categories for this occupancy type includes 1&2 family dwellings, lodging or rooming houses, hotels, dormitory, and apartment buildings

Residential

Occupancy type that is used to store goods, merchandise, vehicles, or animals Mercantile Storage Residential

Storage

Building conditions for occupancy type Rarely stay the same Usually stay the same Always stay the same

Rarely stay the same

This occupancy type is only recognized by the ICC and is used for buildings or structures that do not fit any other classification ie. barns carports towers sheds etc Storage Utility/miscellaneous Mercantile

Utility/ miscellaneous

Structures containing Multiple occupancy types are considered to be Utility/Miscellaneous Mixed use occupancies Storage Mercantile

Mixed use occupancies

In the mix use occupancies, each structure is individually classified by its primary occupancy classification and separated from the other occupancies by the appropriate Classification Firewall separation Boarder Label signs

Firewall separation

When an automatic fire suppression system protects the entire structure, fire resistance rating requirements may be Reduced Increased Limited

Reduced

During ____ personnel may be responsible for testing or assisting with testing fire protection system components Inspections Reviews Pre plan

Inspections

This type of alarm may be activated manually. Smoke heat or flame can also activate them Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Local

This type of alarm only sends signals on the premises where they are installed Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Local

This type of alarm is only used in communities that have municipal alarm box systems Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Auxiliary

These alarm systems are installed within a building and connected directly to a municipal alarm box located in the street adjacent to the building Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Auxiliary

This alarm system is connected directly to the communications/dispatch center of the fire and emergency services organization Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Remote station

This alarm system usually uses a leased telephone line, not a municipal fire alarm box circuit, to transmit an alarm Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Remote station

One ______ type alarm system may cover up to five buildings and it may or may not have local alarm capability Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Remote station

This alarm system is used to protect large commercial and industrial buildings, high rises, and groups of commonly owned buildings in a single location such as college campus or industrial complex Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Proprietary

In this alarm system, the receiving point must be in a separate structure or in part of a structure that is remote from any hazardous operations and an employee who is trained in system operation and the protocols for handling system alarms should constantly staff the receiving point Local Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Proprietary

This fire alarm systems receiving point is not in the protected premises and the owner of the protected premises does not employ the person receiving the alarm (alarm company) Central station Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Central station

Supplementary systems installed on properties in addition to one of the other types of systems Local Emergency voice/alarm comm Remote station Proprietary

Emergency voice / alarm communications

The purpose is this alarm is to increase the capability of providing detailed information to occupants or emergency crews Emergency voice/alarm comms Auxiliary Remote station Proprietary

Emergency voice / alarm communications

This alarm system is owned and maintained by the fire and emergency services municipality Local Auxiliary Remote station Public fire alarm system Central station

Public fire alarm system

Rapid fire development usually occurs in which stage The incipient stage The growth stage Ventilation limited stage Decay stage

The growth stage

When fire transitions from incipient to growth stage it begins to influence more of the compartments environment and has grown large enough for the environment to influence it. The first effect is the Amount of air that is entrained into the fire Amount of heat pulled to the fire Cool air around the fire

Amount of air that is entrained into the fire

____ fire draw air from all sides and the entrainment of air cools the plume of hot gases, reducing flame length and vertical extension Confined -in a corner or one wall Unconfined -in middle of room

Unconfined

In a _______ the location of the fuel package in relation to the compartment walls affects the amount of air that is entrained and thus the amount of cooling that takes place Structure fire Vehicle fire Compartment fire

Compartment fire

When the fuel package is not in the middle of a room, the combustion zone expands vertically and a ____ plume is released Faster Higher Lower Slower

Higher

A ____ increases the temps in the developing hot gas layer at ceiling level and increases the speed of fire development Hotter plume Higher plume Cooler plume Lower plume

Higher plume

A fire is said to be in the _____ stage until the fires release rate has reached its peak either because of lack of fuel or lack of oxygen

Growth stage

When a fire cannot grow without the introduction of a new fuel source or new oxygen source, it has left the growth stage and becomes Ventilation limited Fully developed Peaked

Fully developed

The space between the air intake and the exhaust outlet is called Flow path Flow route Flow train

Flow path

The appearance of isolated flames in the gas layer is sometimes an immediate indicator of

Flashover

Most residential fire that develop beyond the incipient stage become Fully developed Ventilation limited Self extinguished

Ventilation limited

Even if temperatures decrease, _____ can continue Fire Extinguishment Pyrolysis

Pyrolysis

The charictoristics of the fuel and fuel loads in todays typical fires will cause fires to quickly become Fully developed Ventilation limited Extinguished

Ventilation limited

In order for a ventilation limited fire to grow, it needs a new supply of

Oxygen

________ refers to the rapid transition from the growth stage or early decay stage to a ventilation limited, fully developed stage

Rapid fire development

A significant indicator of flashover is

Rollover

Rollover is distinguished from Flashover because it involves only the fire gases at the Lower levels of the compartment Upper levels of the compartment No gasses

upper levels of the compartment

How does rollover contribute to flash over conditions?

The burning gases at upper levels of room generate tremendous amount of radiant heat, transfers to other fuels in the room

Changes in ventilation can alter the ventilation ____ and create rapidfire development, placing firefighters in extreme danger Flow path Exit Entry

Flow path

The size number and locations of openings, as well as the velocity of the air being exchanged influence what Air intake Air vents Ventilation

Ventilation

When a fire is in ventilation-limited decay, the introduction of new oxygen can trigger what Flashover Roll over Pyrolysis

Flash over quickly

What can occur whenever sufficient oxygen, and ventilation are available for Fire growth Flashover Rollover Growth

Flashover

____ May not occur in every compartment fire, such as a large area, compartment, or compartments with high ceilings Flashover Rollover

Flashover

Observing this from the exterior of the structure, gives you a good indication of fire behavior within the structure Ventilation Levels of neutral plane Heat

Levels of neutral plane

This may indicate that the fire is in the early stages of development. Remember that high ceilings can hide a fire that has reached a later developed stage is can also indicate a fire above your level High neutral plane Mid-level neutral plane Very low level neutral plane

High neutral plane

This could indicate that the compartment has not yet ventilated or that flash over is approaching high neutral plain mid-level neutral plane very low level neutral plane

Mid-level, neutral playing

This may indicate that the fire is reaching Backdraft conditions. This occurrence could also mean that the fire is below you high neutral plane mid-level neutral plane very low level neutral plane

Very low level neutral plane

An increase in low level ventilation, such as opening a door or window prior to upper level ventilation can result in an explosively rapid combustion of flammable gases called Flashover Backdraft Bleve

Backdraft

Backdraft occurs in the ____ stage in a space, containing a high concentration of heated flammable gases, but lacks sufficient oxygen for flaming combustion Growth Fully developed Ventilation limited Decay

The decay stage

This condition can develop within a room, a void space, or an entire building Backdraft Flashover Rollover

Backdraft

Anytime, a compartment or space contains hot combustion products, firefighters must consider potential for backdraft before Making entry Crating any openings into the compartment Spraying water

Creating any openings into the compartment

Air, current, changing directions, neutral plane lifting, Or smoke rushing out, are indicators of potential Low level fire Rapid fire development Increasing temps

Rapid fire development

To some degree, the violence of a Backdraft is dependent on the extent to which the fuel/air mixture is Heated Cooled Confined Kinetic

Confined

Unless a compartment fire is in its incipient stage, the fire should be considered Confined Ventilation limited Fully developed Flashed over

Ventilation – limited

The flow path is composed of two regions. The hot exhaust flow out and the ____ air flow in Cool Hot Ambient

Ambient

______ Is the actual and potential ventilation of a structure based on structural openings, construction type, and building ventilation systems Ventilation Preexisting ventilation Post ventilation

Pre-existing ventilation

Pre-existing ventilation exchanges are primarily through the heating, ventilating, and Windows Air conditioning (HVAC) Doorways

Air conditioning (HVAC) systems

Wind speeds as low as ___ mph can create wind driven fire conditions 5 mph 10 mph 15 mph 20 mph

10 mph

Wind conditions can create differences in pressure that can cause Doors to open Windows to fail Temps to lower

Windows to fail

A _______ Occurs when a mixture of unburned fuel gases in oxygen comes in contact with an ignition source Smoke explosion Backdraft Flashover

Smoke explosion

Smoke explosions are violent because they involve Everything in order Premixed fuel and oxygen Hotter items first

Premixed, fuel and oxygen

The normal stages of fire development change when fire becomes ventilation limited. In modern fire environments, it is common to experience a ___ period Prior to flash over. Ventilation Decay Fully developed

Decay period

When dealing with high ceilings, fire, fighter personnel may mistake floor level conditions for

The actual state of fire development

Unprotected engineered, steel and wooden trusses can fail after ____ to ____ minutes of exposure to fire 5-10 10-15 15-20

5 to 10

Steel begins to weaken at ______°F. This is the critical temperature of steel. 212 850 1000 1200

1000°F

What is the name of the metal plate on wooden trusses that fail quickly when exposed to heat Truss plate Gusset plate Sheet metal

Gusset plates

An arched or curved outline often indicates a _______ ______ roof Bowline roof Bowstring truss roof Flat roof

Bowstring truss roof

____ ventilation occurs when a structural member fails-Usually because of exposure to heat- and introduces new source of oxygen Planned Vertical Unplanned

Unplanned

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(94 cards)