1
Q
Articulations
A
Where two bones interconnect
2
Q
Classification of joints
A
- Functional
- Amount of movement allowed
- range of motion - anatomical components
- bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
3
Q
Fibrous joints
A
- Immovable/slightly movable
- joined by fibrous connective tissue
ex. suture
4
Q
Cartilaginous joints
A
- slightly moveable
- two bones joined by cartilage
ex. intervertebral discs/ pubic symphysis
5
Q
Synovial joints
A
- freely moveable
- bones separated by a joint cavity
6
Q
Functional classification of joints
A
- Synarthroses
- immovable joints
- fibrous / cartilaginous
- bony - Amphiarthroses
- slightly moveable joints
- fibrous / cartilaginous - Diathroses
- freely moveable joints
- synovial
7
Q
Synarthroses (immovable joints)
A
- sutures
- skull bones - gomphosis
- teeth bound - synchondrosis
- two bones bound by rigid cartilaginous bridge
- epiphyseal plate - syntosis = two bones completely fused
8
Q
Amphiarthroses (slightly movable joints)
A
- Syndesmosis = bones connected by a ligament; distal joint of tibia and fibula
- Symphysis = bone separated by fibrocartilage; pubic symphysis
9
Q
Diarthroses (freely movable joints)
A
- Joint is enclosed
- Joint space is filled with fluid
- Can also be called a synovial joint
- Most joints of the appendicular skeleton
10
Q
Components of synovial joint
A
- Articular (joint) capsule
- encloses the joint - articular cartilage
- hyaline cartilage
- covers articulating surfaces - synovial membrane
- lines the capsule - synovial fluid
- consistency of egg whites
11
Q
Synovial fluid functions
A
- lubrication
- nutrient distribution
- shock absorption
12
Q
Additional synovial joint components
A
- menisci
- pads of fibrocartilage - fat pads
- pads of adipose tissue covered by synovial membrane - accessory ligaments
- reinforce joint
- sprain = stretched ligament - bursae
- pockets of synovial fluid; reduce friction; shock absorber
13
Q
Articular motion
A
- diarthrotic joints allow a variety of movements
- noy as stable as synarthroses and amphiarthroses
- movement of joint limited by:
- shapes of articulating surfaces
- ligaments (interna; and external)
- presence of muscles, fat pads, menisci around joint
- tension in tendons
14
Q
Gliding motion
A
- Two surfaces slide past one another
- carpals & tarsals
15
Q
Angular movements
A
- flexion
- decrease the angle between two parts - extension
- increasing the angle between two parts - hyperextension
- extending beyond the anatomical position - abduction
- movement away from the body’s midline - abduction
- movement towards the body’s midline - circumduction
- combination of flexion, adduction, extension, abduction
16
Q
rotational movement
A
- left or right
- head - medial (internal or lateral (external
- arms and legs
17
Q
Rotational movement of forearm
A
- pronation
- palm up to down
- front to back
- start in anatomical position - supination
- palm down to up
- back to front
- return to the anatomical position
18
Q
Movement of the foot
A
- inversion and eversion
- plantar flexion
- toes down, heel up (flexes plantar surface of foot) - dorsiflexion
- toes up, heel down
19
Q
Movement of thumb
A
- opposition
- movement towards palm, grasping
20
Q
Other movements
A
- protraction
- moves a structure anteriorly - retraction
- moves a structure posteriorly - elevation
- moves a structure superiorly - depression
- moves a structure inferiorly - lateral flexion
- bends the vertebrae to one side
21
Q
Arthritis
A
- Joint Inflammation
- many types
- always damage to articular cartilage
- osteoarthritis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- gouty arthritis
Anatomy & Physiology
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