Chapter 9

Question 1

Apical Meristem

Answer 1

a region of rapidly dividing cells at the tip of the plant’s roots and shoots, primary growth, undifferentiated cells, apical = tip

Question 2

Subapical Meristem

Answer 2

beneath the apical meristem, some dividing and differentiation, stem histogenesis,

Question 3

Protoxylem

Answer 3

the first xylem to differentiate

Question 4

Vascular Cambium

Answer 4

tissue responsible for secondary growth, increasing diameter of root system, produces both 2’ xylem and 2’ phloem

Question 5

Secondary Growth

Answer 5

only found in angiosperm dicots/gymnosperms

Question 6

Cork Cambium

Answer 6

Produces cork and phelloderm cells, which form the protective outer layers of tree bark, protection/temperature regulation/water loss

Question 7

Transverse

Answer 7

perpendicular to the horizontal, image produces circular vessels/fibers/trachieds/ray parenchyma

Question 8

Radial

Answer 8

cut along the radius, produces long tracheids/vessels/fibers and circular ray parenchyma

Question 9

Tangential

Answer 9

tangent to the radius, produces long tracheids/fibers but circular ray parenchyma

Question 10

Order of Wood Layers

Answer 10

Pith -> 1’ xylem (heartwood) -> 2’ xylem (heartwood) -> 2’ xylem (sapwood) -> vascular cambium -> 2’ phloem -> cork cambium -> cork

Question 11

Heartwood

Answer 11

not conducting water

Question 12

Sapwood

Answer 12

conducting water

Question 13

Radial System

Answer 13

ray parenchyma, moves sugar and water along the radius

Question 14

Axial System

Answer 14

vertical system, treachery elements, fibers, parenchyma

Question 15

Ring Porous

Answer 15

vessels in the early wood (spring) are larger than latewood (summer), distinct ring appearance

Question 16

Diffuse Porous

Answer 16

vessels of similar size distributed evenly throughout the growth ring, no clear distinction

Question 17

Fascicular Cambium

Answer 17

Cambium tissue located within a vascular bundle, between xylem and phloem

Question 18

Interfascicular Cambium

Answer 18

cambium tissue found between separate vascular bundles

Question 19

Fusiform Initials

Answer 19

long, tapered cells, develop the axial system, produce elongate cells (tracheids, vessels, fibers, sieve cells, companion cells), divide longitudinally, up/down

Question 20

Ray Initials

Answer 20

short cuboidal cells, radial system, including albuminous cells, grouped in short vertical rows

Question 21

Phelllem

Answer 21

outside cells = cork

Question 22

Phelloderm

Answer 22

cortex, inside layer of parenchyma

Question 23

Phellogen

Answer 23

cork cambium, short-lived

Question 24

Epidermis

Answer 24

outermost surface, single layer of PARENCHYMA cells only, interchange of materials, protection/water loss (chlorenchyma, stomatal guard cells, sclerified parenchyma, trichome, glandular cells)

Question 25

Parenchyma Specific Cell Types

Answer 25

chlorenchyma, stomatal guard cells, sclerified parenchyma, trichomes, glandular cells, transfer cells, sieve elements

Question 26

Sclerenchyma Specific Cell Types

Answer 26

Tracheids, vessel elements, fibers, sclereids

Question 27

Cortex

Answer 27

closer to the surface, surrounding the vascular bundles

Question 28

Pith

Answer 28

in the center, interior to vascular bundles

Question 29

Cortex & Pith

Answer 29

Parenchyma (chlorenchyma/schlerified/aerenchyma), collenchyma, sclerenchyma (fibers/sclereids)

Question 30

Xylem Cells

Answer 30

Parenchyma (sclerified/trasnfer), sclerenchyma (tracheids/vessel/fibers)

Question 31

Phloem Cells

Answer 31

Parenchyma (sclerified, transfer, sieve, albuminous, companion), Sclerencyma (fibers)

Question 32

Monocots

Answer 32

1 cotyledon, fibrous roots, vascular bundles scattered, parallel leaf veins

Question 33

Dicots

Answer 33

2 cotyledons, taproot system, circular vascular bundles, branching leaf veins

Question 34

Shoot

Answer 34

stem + leaves

Question 35

Nodes

Answer 35

leaf attachment point

Question 36

Internodes

Answer 36

regions between nodes

Question 37

Phyllotaxy

Answer 37

arrangement of leaves on the stem

Question 38

Alternate Phyllotaxy

Answer 38

one leaf is attached at each node

Question 39

Opposite Phyllotaxy

Answer 39

two leaves attached at each node

Question 40

Whorled Phyllotaxy

Answer 40

three or more leaves attached at each node

Question 41

Distichous Phyllotaxy

Answer 41

leaves in two rows when viewed from above

Question 42

Decussate Phyllotaxy

Answer 42

leaves in four rows when viewed from above

Question 43

Spiral Phyllotaxy

Answer 43

each leaf located slightly to the side of the ones above and below

Question 44

Stolons

Answer 44

long, thin internodes allowing dispersal of daughter plants, "runners", spider plant baby offsets

Question 45

Bulbs

Answer 45

short shoots with thick/fleshy leaves, (onions)

Question 46

Chorms

Answer 46

vertical, thick stems with thin, papery leaves (water chestnuts)

Question 47

Rhizomes

Answer 47

fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread underground (ginger)

Question 48

Tubers

Answer 48

horizontal, grow for a short period of time, storing nutrients (potatoes)

Question 49

Metaxylem

Answer 49

produce one of the strongest second wall types, elongate cells will differentiate and mature

Question 50

Bark

Answer 50

secondary phloem and cork

Question 51

Pros of 2' Growth

Answer 51

increase capacity to support leaves, supply and demand, stem bottleneck, mechanical support to grow tall

Question 52

Cons of 2' Growth

Answer 52

Longer time to reproduction, need more defenses over longer lifetime, carbon expensive

Question 53

Periderm

Answer 53

cork + cork cambium + phelloderm

Question 54

Angiosperm

Answer 54

Xylem: Tracheids/Vessel Elements Phloem: Sieve Tube Members/Companion Cells

Question 55

Other Seed Bearing/Fern/Lycophytes

Answer 55

Xylem: Tracheids Phloem: Sieve Cells/Albuminous