Chapter 9 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
How does the Urinary System maintain the proper balance of water, salts, and acids?
A
By filtering the blood as it flows through the kidneys
2
Q
Define Homeostasis?
A
the process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.
3
Q
What is the urea the major waste product of?
A
Protein metabolism
4
Q
What is creatinine a waste product of?
A
Muscle Metabolism
5
Q
How many kidneys does the body contain?
A
2
6
Q
How many ureters does the body contain?
A
2
7
Q
True or False: The body has 2 bladders.
A
False. The body only has 1
8
Q
True or False: The body contains 1 urethera
A
True
9
Q
What are the kidneys constantly doing?
A
filtering blood to remove waste product, and excess water.
10
Q
At what percentage of each waste product is urine excreted as?
A
95% water, 5% urea, and the rest other waste products
11
Q
How much quarts of blood is processed each day, and how many quarts of urine is produced?
A
200 quarts of blood is processed everyday. 2 quarts of urine is produced by this.
12
Q
True or False: the kidneys also helps the body maintain proper fluid levels
A
True
13
Q
True or False: The kidneys don’t produce hormones that control blood pressure and make red blood cells.
A
False
14
Q
What vitamin does the kidneys activate to maintain healthy bones?
A
vitamin D
15
Q
Describe the cortex section of the kidneys.
A
outer section of the kidneys, and contains the most nephrons which is more than 1,000,000
16
Q
Describe the medulla section of the kidneys.
A
The inner section of the kidney, and contains most of the collecting tubules.
17
Q
what are nephrons, and how many are typically found in each kidney?
A
nephrons are microscopic filtering units located in the kidneys, with more than 1 million per kidney
18
Q
What processes occur in the nephrons to produce urine?
A
urine is produced through the processes of filtration, re-absorption, and secretion
19
Q
What are the main components of a nephron?
A
Each consists of a glomerulus (a cluster of capillaries), Bowman’s capsule(a cup-shaped membrane surrounding the glomerulus), and the renal tubule.
20
Q
Describe the pathway of filtered substances through the kidney.
A
renal artery, into the kidney (medulla, cortex), glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, renal tubule, renal vein.
21
Q
What happens to excess glucose, mineral salts, water, and wastes in the renal tubule.
A
They remain in the tubule and become concentrated into urine.
22
Q
What is the renal pelvis, and what role does it play in urine collection?
A
The renal pelvis is a funnel-shaped area inside each kidney that collects newly formed urine from the nephrons before it flows into the bladder.
23
Q
How long are the ureters, and what is their function?
A
The ureters are two muscular tubes that are 10-12 inches in length, and they transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
24
Q
How does peristalsis facilitate the movement of the urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
A
Peristalsis moves the urine through the ureter from the kidney to the bladder.
25
what is the average capacity of an adult bladder, and where is it located?
The average adult bladder stores more than 1 pint of urine and is located behind the symphysis pubis.
26
What are the rugae, and how do they function in the bladder?
Rugae are folds in the mucous membrane lining the bladder that disappear as the bladder expands to fill with urine and contract when empty.
27
What is the role of the urethra in the urinary system?
The urethra carries urine from the bladder to the outside.
28
Compare the characteristics of the female and male urethra in terms of length and function
The female urethra is 3.75 cm (1.5 in) in length and carries only urine to the outside. The male urethra is 20 cm (8 in) in length, carries urine and semen (but not at the same time), and is surrounded by the prostate gland.
29
What triggers the urge to urinate as the bladder fills?
As the bladder fills with urine, pressure is placed on the base of the urethra, resulting in the urge to urinate.
30
What muscular actions are involved in the process of urination?
urination requires the coordinated contractions of the bladder muscles and relaxation of sphincters,.
31
What is a nephrologist?
a nephrologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys.
32
What is a urologist?
A urologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system in females and the genitourinary system in males.
33
What does nephropathy mean?
Nephropathy refers to any disease of the kidney, including both degenerative and inflammatory conditions.
34
What is renal failure?
Renal failure, or kidney failure, is the inability of one or both kidneys to perform their functions, resulting in the body being unable to replace damaged nephrons.
35
What is uremia?
Uremia is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised, and urea and other waste products normally secreted in urine are retained in the blood.
36
What characterizes acute renal failure (ARF)?
Acute renal failure is characterized by sudden onset and uremia, and it can be fatal if not reversed promptly.
37
What can cause acute renal failure?
Acute renal failure can be caused by the kidneys not receiving enough blood to filter due to dehydration, a pressure from injury, burns, or severe infection.
38
What is chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
Chronic kidney disease is a progressive loss of renal function over months or years, often resulting from diabetes mellitus, hypertension, or a family history of kidney disease.
39
What is end-stage renal disease (ESRD)?
End-stage renal disease is the final stage of chronic kidney disease, which is fatal unless the function of the failed kidneys are replaced by dialysis or a kidney transplant.
40
What is nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)?
Nephrotic syndrome is a group of conditions characterized by excessive loss of protein through urine, usually caused by damage to the kidney's glomeruli
41
What is edema, and how is it related to nephrotic syndrome?
Edema is the excessive fluid accumulation in body tissues, which can be symptomatic of nephrotic syndrome and other kidney diseases.
42
What is hypoproteinuria?
Hypoproteinuria is the presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine.
43
What are some causes of nephrotic syndrome?
causes include diabetes, mellitus, infections, and kidney disorders, with minimal change disease being the most common cause in children.
44
What is hydronephrosis?
Hydronephrosis is the dialation (swelling) of one or both kidneys, often caused by urine backing up due to an obstruction, like a kidney stone or ureter stricture.
45
What is nephritis?
Nephritis is the inflammation of one or both kidneys, commonly caused by toxins, infections, or autoimmune diseases.
46
What is glomerulonephritis?
Glomerulonephritis is a type of nephritis caused by inflammation of the glomeruli, leading to red blood cells and proteins leaking into the urine.
47
What is nephroptosis?
Nephroptosis, or floating kidney, is the prolaspe or dropping of a kidney into the pelvic area when the patient stands.
48
What is nephropyosis?
Nephropyosis is the suppuration (formation or discharge of pus) of the kidney
49
What is polycystic kidney disease?
Polycystic kidney disease is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth or numerous fluid-filled cyst in the kidneys, which can eventually lead to kidney failure.
50
What is renal colic?
renal colic is acute pain in the kidney area ccaused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone, often presenting in waves due to peristalic movement of the ureters.
51
What is Wilms tumor
Wilms tumor is a rare type of malignant kidney tumor that occurs in young children and has a high cure rate when treated promptly.
52
What are kidney stones?
Kidney stones, or calculi, are abnormal mineral deposits that form within the kidneys, causing acute pain.
53
What is nephrolithiasis
Nephrolithiasis is the presence of stones in the kidneys.
54
What is a cystolith?
A cystolith is a stone located within the urinary bladder.
55
What is hydroureter?
Hydroureter is the condition of the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow due to a blockage.
56
What is ureterectasis?
Ureterectasis is the distention (enlargement) of a ureter.
57
What is hydroureter?
- Hydroureter is a condition characterized by the distention (swelling) of the ureter with urine that cannot flow due to a blockage. It always accompanies hydronephrosis.
58
3. **What is ureterorrhagia?**
- Ureterorrhagia is the discharge of blood from the ureter.
59
4. **What are cystalgia and cystodynia?**
- Cystalgia and cystodynia both refer to pain in the bladder.
60
5. **What is a cystocele?**
- A cystocele, or prolapsed bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall, often occurring as a result of pregnancy or childbirth.
61
6. **What is interstitial cystitis?**
- Interstitial cystitis is a chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder that presents similar symptoms to cystitis but does not respond to traditional treatment.
62
7. **What is a vesicovaginal fistula?**
- A vesicovaginal fistula is an abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows constant involuntary flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina, often caused by prolonged labor during childbirth or surgical procedures like a hysterectomy.
63
8. **What is a neurogenic bladder?**
- A neurogenic bladder is a urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination, which can lead to incontinence or urinary retention.
64
9. **What causes benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?**
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an enlargement of the prostate gland that most often occurs in men older than 50, making urination difficult and causing other urinary tract problems.
65
10. **What is prostatism?**
- Prostatism is a disorder resulting from the compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, leading to difficulties with urination and urinary retention.
66
11. **What is prostate cancer?**
- Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men; it can grow slowly with no symptoms or aggressively spread throughout the body.
67
12. **What is prostatitis?**
- Prostatitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the prostate gland. The most common type is chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, which has no single known cause.
68
13. **What is urethrorrhagia?**
- Urethrorrhagia is bleeding from the urethra.
69
14. **What is urethrorrhea?**
- Urethrorrhea is an abnormal discharge from the urethra, often associated with sexually transmitted diseases.
70
15. **What is urethrostenosis?**
- Urethrostenosis is the narrowing of the urethra, occurring most exclusively in men and caused by scarring from infection or injury.
71
16. **What is epispadias?**
- Epispadias is a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening, where in males it is located on the upper surface of the penis and in females at the clitoris.
72
17. **What is hypospadias?**
- Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of the urethral opening, where in males it is on the ventral surface of the penis and in females it opens into the vagina.
73
18. **What are urinary tract infections (UTIs)?**
- UTIs begin in the bladder but can affect all parts of the urinary system; they are commonly caused by bacteria, most often E. coli, entering the urinary system through the urethra.
74
19. **What is cystitis?**
- Cystitis is the inflammation of the bladder.
75
20. **What is pyelitis?**
- Pyelitis is the inflammation of the renal pelvis.
76
21. **What is pyelonephritis?**
- Pyelonephritis is the inflammation of both the renal pelvis and the kidney, usually caused by a bacterial infection that has spread upward from the bladder.
77
22. **What is urethritis?**
- Urethritis is the inflammation of the urethra.
78
23. **What is anuria?**
- Anuria is the absence of urine formation by the kidneys, often caused by kidney failure or urinary tract obstruction.
79
24. **What is diuresis?**
- Diuresis refers to an increased output of urine.
80
25. **What is dysuria?**
- Dysuria is difficult or painful urination, frequently associated with urinary tract infections.
81
26. **What is enuresis?**
- Enuresis is the involuntary discharge of urine.
82
27. **What is nocturnal enuresis?**
- Nocturnal enuresis, also known as bedwetting, is urinary incontinence during sleep.
83
28. **What is nocturia?**
- Nocturia is frequent and excessive urination during the night.
84
29. **What is oliguria?**
- Oliguria refers to scanty urination, which can be caused by dehydration, renal failure, or urinary tract obstruction.
85
30. **What is polyuria?**
- Polyuria is an excess of urination and is a common symptom of diabetes.
86
31. **What is urinary hesitancy?**
- Urinary hesitancy is difficulty in starting a urinary stream, commonly seen in older men with enlarged prostates.
87
32. **What is urinary retention?**
- Urinary retention is the inability to completely empty the bladder when attempting to urinate, more common in men with enlarged prostate glands.
88
33. **What is urinary incontinence?**
- Urinary incontinence is the inability to control the voiding of urine.
89
34. **What is overflow incontinence?**
- Overflow incontinence is continuous leaking from the bladder, usually caused by a blocked urethra, and is prevalent in older men with enlarged prostates.
90
35. **What is stress incontinence?**
- Stress incontinence is the inability to control urine under physical stress, such as running, lifting, sneezing, laughing, or coughing, occurring more often in women than in men.
91
36. **What is overactive bladder (urge incontinence)?**
- Overactive bladder, or urge incontinence, occurs when the muscles of the bladder contract involuntarily, leading to urinary frequency or accidental urination, common in adults over 40.
92
What is urinalysis?
Urinalysis is the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements; it is used to diagnose diseases and detect substances such as illegal drugs.
93
What is a bladder ultrasound?
A bladder ultrasound uses a handheld ultrasound transducer to look for stones or to check for elevation of the bladder by an enlarged prostate. It measures the residual amount of urine remaining in the bladder after urination.
94
What is urinary catheterization?
Urinary catheterization is the insertion of a tube into the bladder to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes, drain urine when the patient is unable to urinate, or place medication into the bladder.
95
What is cystoscopy?
Cystoscopy is a visual examination of the urinary bladder using a specialized type of endoscope known as a cystoscope.
96
What is voiding cystourethrography?
Voiding cystourethrography is a diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope examines the flow of urine from the bladder through the urethra, often performed after cystoscopy.
97
What is computed tomography (CT) in the context of the urinary system?
Computed tomography (CAT scan) is used as a primary tool for evaluating the urinary system, providing rapid imaging that can reveal other potential sources for the patient’s symptoms.
98
What is a cystography?
Cystography is a radiographic (x-ray) examination of the bladder after a contrast medium is instilled via a urethral catheter, producing a cystogram.
99
What is an intravenous pyelogram?
An intravenous pyelogram is a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters where a contrast medium is administered intravenously to diagnose changes in the urinary tract.
100
What is a KUB study?
KUB (kidneys, ureters, bladder) is a radiographic study without the use of contrast medium, used to detect bowel obstructions and nephroliths.
101
What is retrograde urography?
Retrograde urography is a radiograph of the urinary system taken after a contrast medium is placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and flows upward through the urinary tract.
102
What is a digital rectal examination?
A digital rectal examination is performed on men using a lubricated, gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland for enlargement or indications of prostate cancer.
103
What is a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test?
The PSA test is a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer by measuring the amount of prostate-specific antigen present in a blood specimen.
104
What are diuretics?
Diuretics are medications given to increase urine secretion, primarily to rid the body of excess water and salt. Foods and drinks like coffee, tea, and alcohol also have a diuretic effect.
105
What role do antibiotics play in urinary treatment?
Antibiotics are used to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs).
106
What is dialysis?
Dialysis is a procedure to remove waste products, such as urea and creatinine, as well as excess water from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function.
107
What are the two types of dialysis?
The two types of dialysis are hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.
108
What is hemodialysis?
Hemodialysis is the process in which waste products are filtered directly from the patient’s blood using an external hemodialysis unit, commonly referred to as an artificial kidney.
109
How is hemodialysis performed?
A shunt is implanted in the patient’s arm, connecting to the hemodialysis unit where arterial blood flows through filters containing dialysate to cleanse the blood before it is returned to the body.
110
How often is hemodialysis performed?
Hemodialysis treatments typically take several hours and must be repeated about three times per week.
111
What is peritoneal dialysis?
Peritoneal dialysis uses the lining of the peritoneal cavity as a filter to remove waste from the blood, with dialysate flowing into the peritoneal cavity through a catheter implanted in the abdominal wall.
112
How is the fluid managed in peritoneal dialysis?
- The fluid is left in the peritoneal cavity for a period of time and then drained through a tube.
