Chapter 10 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
- What is the primary function of the brain in the nervous system?
A
- The brain coordinates and controls all bodily activities; its failure results in death.
2
Q
- What are the main structures of the nervous system?
A
- Nerves, brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue).
3
Q
- How is the nervous system divided?
A
- Into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
4
Q
- What comprises the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
A
- The brain and spinal cord, responsible for processing information and regulating bodily activity.
5
Q
- What comprises the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
A
- 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves, transmitting signals to and from the CNS.
6
Q
- What is a nerve?
A
- A bundle of neurons connecting the brain and spinal cord to the body.
7
Q
- What are ascending and descending nerve tracts?
A
- Ascending tracts carry impulses to the brain; descending tracts carry impulses away from the brain.
8
Q
- What is a ganglion?
A
- A cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS.
9
Q
- What is innervation?
A
- The supply of nerves to a specific body part.
10
Q
- What is a plexus?
A
- A network of intersecting spinal nerves.
11
Q
- What are receptors?
A
- Sites in sensory organs that receive stimuli and send signals to the brain.
12
Q
- What is a stimulus?
A
- Anything that activates a nerve and causes an impulse.
13
Q
- What are reflexes?
A
- Automatic, involuntary responses to changes in the body or environment.
14
Q
- Can you provide examples of reflexes?
A
- Changes in heart rate, breathing, coughing, sneezing, and responses to pain.
15
Q
- What are neurons?
A
- Basic cells that facilitate communication within the nervous system.
16
Q
- How do neurons transmit impulses?
A
- Through an electrochemical process that creates brain waves during different activities.
17
Q
- What are the main parts of a neuron?
A
- Cell body, dendrites, axon, terminal end fibers, and synapse.
18
Q
- What are neurotransmitters?
A
- Chemical substances that enable communication between neurons.
19
Q
- Can you name some important neurotransmitters?
A
- Acetylcholine (muscle action), dopamine (mood disorders), endorphins (pain relief), norepinephrine (alertness), and serotonin (mood regulation).
20
Q
- What is the role of glial cells?
A
- Support and protect neurons by surrounding them and supplying nutrients.
21
Q
- What functions do glial cells perform?
A
- Hold neurons in place, supply nutrients, insulate neurons, and remove dead neurons.
22
Q
- What is the myelin sheath?
A
- A protective covering made of glial cells forming white matter in the brain and spinal cord.
23
Q
- What is the difference between white matter and gray matter?
A
- Myelinated fibers are white (white matter); unmyelinated fibers are gray (gray matter).
24
Q
What are the meninges?
A
System of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord.
25
What is the Dura Mater?
Thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges. loosely attached to the other meninges to allow space for fluid to flow between the layers.
26
What is the Pia Mater
third layer of the meninges. consist of delicate connective tissue that contains a rich supply of blood vessels.
27
What is the Arachnoid membrane
Second layer of the meninges, and is located between the dura mater and pia mater
28
1. **What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?**
- A clear, colorless fluid produced by special capillaries in the brain's ventricles.
29
2. **What are the primary functions of cerebrospinal fluid?**
- To cool and cushion the brain and spinal cord from shock and injury, and to nourish these organs by transporting nutrients and chemical messengers.
30
3. **What are the main parts of the brain?**
- Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and brainstem.
31
4. **What is the cerebrum?**
- The largest and uppermost portion of the brain responsible for thought, judgment, memory, emotion, and integrating motor and sensory functions.
32
5. **How is the cerebrum structured?**
- Divided into two cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum; contains the cerebral cortex made of gray matter.
33
6. **What are gyri and sulci?**
- Gyri are the elevated folds of gray matter; sulci are the fissures in the cerebral cortex.
34
7. **What are the functions of the left cerebral hemisphere?**
- Controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body; injury results in deficits on the right side.
35
8. **What are the functions of the right cerebral hemisphere?**
- Controls the majority of functions on the left side of the body; injury results in deficits on the left side.
36
9. **What are the functions of the frontal lobe?**
- Responsible for skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior.
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10. **What does the parietal lobe do?**
- Receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin, and muscles.
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11. **What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?**
- Responsible for eyesight.
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12. **What does the temporal lobe control?**
- Senses of hearing and smell, as well as the ability to create, store, and access new information.
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13. **Where is the thalamus located and what is its function?**
- Located below the cerebrum; it relays impulses between the cerebrum and sense organs, producing sensations.
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14. **What is the role of the hypothalamus?**
- Regulates and integrates the autonomic nervous system, emotional responses, body temperature, food intake, water balance, sleep-wake cycles, and pituitary gland activity.
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15. **What is the cerebellum?**
- The second largest part of the brain located at the back of the head, responsible for smooth and coordinated movements, maintaining equilibrium, and sustaining normal posture.
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16. **What is the brainstem and its components?**
- A stalk-like portion connecting the two hemispheres with the spinal cord, comprising the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
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17. **What functions are controlled by the medulla oblongata?**
- Controls basic survival functions, including respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.
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18. **What is the spinal cord?**
- A long, fragile structure that begins at the brainstem and extends down the spinal column, containing nerves that affect the limbs and lower body.
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19. **How does the spinal cord function?**
- Serves as a pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain and is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid and meninges for protection.
47
What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of?
12 pair of cranial nerves that extend from the brain, and 31 spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord.
48
What do the autonomic nerve fibers do?
carry instructions to the organs and glands from the automatic nervous system
49
What do the sensory nerve fibers do?
they receive external stimuli, such as how something feels, and transmit this information to the brain where it happened
50
What do the somatic fibers do?
known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements.
51
What is the Olfactory nerve (I)
the nose
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What are the optic nerve (II)
the eye
53
what are the oculomotor nerves (III, IV, VI)
muscles of the eye.
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what are the Trigeminal (V)
face sinuses, teeth, etc.
motor: muscles of mastification
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what are the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
it controls the inner ear
56
What does the Glossopharyngeal nerve control (IX).
Motor: pharyngeal musculature
Sensory: posterior part of tongue tonsil, pharynx
57
What does the vagus nerve control (X)?
Motor: heart, lungs, bronchi, gastrointestinal tract
Sensory: heart, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, gastrointestinal tract, external ear
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What does the accessory nerve (XI) control
sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
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What does the Hypoglossal nerve (XII) control?
muscles of the tongue
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What are the Cervical nerves
C1-C8
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What are the thoracic nerves
T1-T12
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What a nre the lumbar nerves
L1-L5
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What are the Sacral nerves
S1-S5
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
organized into two divisions, one comprising sympathetic nerves and the other parasympathetic nerves.
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What are the sympathetic nerves?
they prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles.
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What is the parasympathetic nerves?
They return the body to normal after a response to stress.
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What is an Anesthesiologist?
A physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery
68
What is an anesthetist?
a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but not a physician , for example, a nurse anesthetist.
69
What is a neurologist?
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system.
70
What is a neurosurgeon?
a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system.
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What is a psychiatrist?
a physician (MD) who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness.
72
What is psychologist?
Has a doctoral degree (PhD or PsyD), but not a medical doctor (MD). they evaluate and treat emotional problems and mental illness
73
What is cephalagia?
known as a headache, is pain in the head.
74
What is a migraine headache?
may be preceded by a warning aura, is characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head.
75
What is a cluster headache?
Intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion.
76
what is encephalocele?
known as craniocele, is a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap of the skull
77
what is meningocele?
is the congenital herniation of the meninges through a defect in the skull of spinal column
78
what is Hydrocephalus?
a condition in which excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain.
79
what is meningioma?
a common, slow-growing and usually benign tumor of the meninges
80
What is meningitis?
also referred to as infectious meningitis, is an inflammation of the meninges of the brain and spinal cord
81
What does the term cognition describe?
describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory
82
What is Dementia?
A slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgement, that is often accompanied by personalities changes
83
What is vascular dementia?
A form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain.
84
What is Encephalitis?
An inflammation of the brain, can e caused by a viral infection such as rabies.
85
What is Reye's syndrome?
A potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion.
86
What is Tetanus?
known as lockjaw, is an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria.
87
What is tourette syndrome?
A complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities
88
What is Alzheimer's disease?
A group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language.
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What is Huntington disease?
A genetic disorder that is a classified as a neurodegenerative disease.
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What is Parkison's disease
a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow or shuffling gait.
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What is Amnesia?
a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences
92
What is a concussion?
A violent shaking up or jarring of the brain
93
What is a cerebral contusion?
The bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that causes the brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull.
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What is a Cranial hematoma
A collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain
95
What is a traumatic brain injury?
a blow to the head or penetrating head injury that damages the brain.
96
What does the term coup mean?
describes an injury occurring within the skull near the point of impact, such as hitting the windshield in an auto accident.
97
What is shaken baby syndrome?
the results if a child being violently shaken by someone. can cause brain injury, seizures, blindness, fractures, paralysis, and death.
98
Define the term conscious?
the state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately.
99
Define the term unconscious?
a state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli, including pain.
100
What is lethargy
a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness,and apathy.
101
What is stupor?
an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts.
102
what is syncope?
known as fainting, is the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain.
103
Differentiate between epidural and subdural hematomas.
An epidural hematoma is above the dura mater, while a subdural hematoma is below.
104
What is countrecoup injuries?
a countrecoup injury occurs on the opposite side of the skull.
105
Define altered levels of consciousness (ALOC) and describe the implications.
ALOC refers to decreased consciousness due to injury or substances, ranging from lethargy to coma.
106
What constitutes a persistent vegetative state?
A persistent vegetative state is a condition where a patient shows sleep-wake cycles but remains unconscious.
107
Describe delirium and its common causes.
Delirium is acute confusion and disorientation, often caused by treatable physical conditions like high fever.
108
What is the characteristics of malignant and benign brain tumors?
Malignant tumors invade and destroy brain tissue, while benign tumors do not invade but can cause pressure effects.
109
Explain intracranial pressure and its significance.
Intracranial pressure is the pressure inside the skull, which can rise due to tumors or injuries, causing serious issues.
110
What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) and its impact?
A CVA, or stroke, results from disrupted blood flow to the brain, leading to disability, and being a leading cause of death.
111
Differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroes.
Ischemic strokes are caused by blocked blood flow, while hemorrhagic strokes occur from leaks or ruptures in blood vessels.
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what is thrombotic stroke?
A thrombotic stroke happens when a clot forms a carotid artery, blocking blood flow to the brain.
113
What is and embolic stroke?
An embolic stroke occurs when a clot or debris travels to the brain and blocks a narrower artery.
114
Describe a transient ischemic attack (TIA) and its importance.
A TIA is a temporary blood supply interruption to the brain, often signaling a risk for a major stroke.
115
What symptoms might indicate a stroke, and what is aphasia?
Stroke symptoms include numbness, blurred vision, and dizziness. Aphasia is the loss of ability to communicate due to brain damage.
116
Explain what insomnia is.
Prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep usually a symptom of another problem such as depression, pain, or excessive caffeine
117
What is Narcolepsy?
A sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day.
118
Sleep deprivation is?
Sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative. so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or task.
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What is somnambulism?
Condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening.
120
Describe myelitis.
Inflammation of the spinal cord
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Myelosis is the tumor of the?
the spinal cord
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What is poliomyelitis (polio)?
Highly contagious viral infectious of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis.
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What is post polio syndrome?
The recurrence later in life of some polio symptoms in individuals who have had childhood poliomyelitis and have recovered from it.
124
Describe Radiculitis (pinched nerves)?
Inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb.
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What does radiculitis usually apply to?
It usually applies to that portion of the root that lies between the spinal cord and the intervertebral canal of the column.
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What is Cervical rediculopathy?
nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the spinal region
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What is lumbar radiculopathy?
Nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscles spasms or by nerve irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk.
128
Describe multiple sclerosis.
Progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath
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What does multiple sclerosis do to the body/
It scars the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves; disrupts transmission of nerve impulses.
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What damage does multiple sclerosis leave the patient in?
the damage that it leaves the patient with is varying degrees of pain plus physical and cognitive problems
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What characteristics does multiple sclerosis leave women in?
it's characterized by periods of exacerbation (episodes of worsening symptoms also referred to as flares).
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Explain Multiple Sclerosis in remission.
Between these episodes, patients might be in remission (time during which the symptoms ease, but disease is not cured)
133
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)
rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscles.
Patients become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed and die.
134
Describe Bell's palsy.
temporary paralysis of the 7th cranial nerve that
causes paralysis only of the affected side of the face.
* Paralysis symptoms can include the inability to close the eye, pain,
tearing, drooling, hypersensitivity to sound in the affected ear and
impairment of taste.
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What is Guillian Barre syndrome (infectious polyneuritis)
inflammation of the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that can lead to temporary paralysis
Autoimmune reaction that can occur after certain viral infections or an
immunization
136
What is neuritis?
Inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function
137
Explain what is Sciatica.
Inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning and tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg, and foot
138
What is trigeminal neuralgia
characterized by severe lightning like pain due to an inflammation of the 5th cranial nerve.
* The sudden Intense brief attacks of sharp pain affect the cheek, lips and gums
only on the side of the face innervated by the affected nerve.
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What is cerebral Palsy?
A condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum.
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when does cerebral palsy occur most frequently in?
It occurs most frequently in premature or low birth weight infants
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What is cerebral palsy usually caused by?
It's usually caused by an injury that occurs during pregnancy, birth, or soon after birth
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