Chapter 9 : Biomolecules Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
How do we prepare a substance for anaylsis?
A
we take the sample and grind it with Cl3CCOH using a mortar. Out of which we get a thick slurry. When we strain it with a cheese cloth we obtain tow fraction one acid soluble and the other acid insoluble
2
Q
What are biomolecules?
A
the various compounds that are found in a living organism is called biomolecules
3
Q
What do you mean by wet weight?
A
the total weight of the tissue without drying
4
Q
What is dry weight?
A
the weight of the tissue after drying
5
Q
What id ash?
A
the substance formed after burning a dry tissue is called ash
6
Q
What are the compounds in the ash?
A
Ca, Mg, Sulphate, phosphate, hydrogen, ocygen, chlorine
7
Q
Which is the alpha amino acid?
A
the C atom in an amino group which binds to the R is called the alpha Carbon
8
Q
Number of different types of R in proteins ?
A
20
9
Q
What is glycine?
A
H-
10
Q
What is alanine?
A
HH3-
11
Q
What is serine ?
A
CH2-OH
12
Q
Name an acidic R?
A
glutamic acid
13
Q
Name a basic R?
A
lysine , arganine
14
Q
Name a neutral R?
A
valine
15
Q
What is the zwitterionic form ?
A
where all the ions are shown in an amino acid when immersed in water
16
Q
Number of carbon in palmitic acid?
A
16
17
Q
Number of carbon in archidnic acid?
A
20
18
Q
Name the iupac name of glycerol ?
A
tri hyroxy propane
19
Q
What are phospholipids?
A
the lipids with a phosphate group is called phospholipid.
20
Q
Give some examples of nucleosides?
A
adenine , guanine , cytosine ,uracil and thymine
21
Q
Give some example of nucleotide ?
A
adenosine, guanosine,cytidine,thhymidine,uridine
22
Q
Give some examples of primary metabolites?
A
H,C,N,O,N,S,Na etc
23
Q
Give some examples of secondary metabolites?
A
pigments alkaloids terpenoids essential oils toxins etc
24
Q
Give some examples of pigments?
A
carotenoids, anthocyanins
25
Give some examples of alkaloids?
morphine,codeine
26
Give some examples of terpanoids?
monoterpenes, diterpenes
27
Give some examples of essential oils?
lemon grass oil
28
Give some examples of toxins?
abrin, ricin
29
Give some examples of lectins?
concanavaline A
30
Give some examples of drugs?
curcumin , vinoblastin, dopa
31
Give some some examples of polymeric substance?
rubber, gums , cellulose
32
What is a micro molecule?
those molecules whose wights are less than 1000 dalton are micro molecules or biological molecules.
acid soluble
33
What are macro molecules?
those molecules whose weight is less than 1000 dalton is called macro molecules
acid insoluble
34
Why are lipids found in the macromoleular fraction?
because lipids in membranes after dissociating forms a bubble or vesicles which are not soluble and hence the lipids get into the insoluble fraction along with other macro colecules
35
What are the substance present in the acid pool after the dissociation ?
all the cytoplasmic composition
36
What are proteins ?
thses are polypeptides. They are linear chain of amino acids linked by polypeptide bonds.
37
What are homopolymer?
those polymer with only one repeating monomer
38
What are hetero polymer?
those polymers with more than one monomer unit is called hetero polymer
39
What are essential amino acids?
those amino acids that are not produced in our bodies are called essential amino acids
40
What are non essential amino acids?
those amino acids that are a produced in our bodies are called non essential amino acids.
41
What are some of the functions of amino acids?
they help in transport of nutrients across the cell membrane , some fight infections, some are hormones and some are enzymes
42
Which is the most abundant protein in animals?
Collagen
43
Which is the most abundant protein in the whole biosphere?
Ribulose biphosphate Carboxylase Oxygenase ( RuBisCo)
44
What is the function of collagen?
intercellular ground substance
45
What is the function of Trypsin?
it is an enzyme
46
What is the function of insulin ?
hormone
47
What is the function of antibody?
fights infections
48
What is the function of receptors?
sensory receptions
49
What is the function of GLUT-4?
enables glucose transport into the cell
50
What is a polysaccharide?
they are long chains of sugar
51
is cellulose a homopolymer?
yes
52
name the polysaccharide used by animal to store food?
glycogen
53
Name the polysaccharide used by plants to store food>
starch
54
Name the starch that contains I2?
starch-I2
55
What is the color of starch I2?
blue
56
What is the paper made up of ?
cellulosic
57
Give some examples of modified sugar?
glucosamide, N-acetyl
58
Give some examples of modified sugar?
glucosamide, N-acetyl galactosamine
59
What is the building block of nucleotide?
nucleic acid
60
What are the two purines?
adenine , guanine
61
What are the two types of pyrimidines?
thymine, cytosine
62
What are the two types of sugar in nucleic acid ?
ribose( monosaccharide pentose)
| 2' deoxyribose in (DNA)
63
What are the four ways in which we can describe the structure of a protein ?
primary
secondary
tertairy
quarternary
64
What are the two teriminal of an amino acid?
N terminus
| C terminus `
65
What are the two subunits of haemoglobin ?
alpha
| beta
66
How are the vaious amino acids linked to each other in a polypeptide ? (name the bond )
Peptide
67
What do you mean by dehydration reaction?
the process by which two amino acids are joint with the release of water
68
Which bond is responsible for joining the various monomers of the polymers?
glycosidic bond
69
How many hydrogen bond form the AT?
2
70
How many hydrogen bond form the GC?
3
71
Who introduced the secondary structure of DNA?
Warson and Crick
72
By how much does each strands in a DNA turn ?
36
73
What is the distance between two neucleotide? B DNA
3.4 A
74
What is the meaning of turn over?
the constant change of a bio molecule from one form to another
75
What is the meaning of metabolism?
the sum of all chemical reaction in an organism
76
What is the meaning of metabolic reaction ?
the series of pathways which are responsible for the conversion of a chemical from one form to another
77
What do you mean by dynamic state of body constituents?
flow of metabolities through the metabolic pathway
78
What do you mean by catalysed reaction?
the metabolic reaction which which are catalysed by enzymes is called catalysed reaction
79
What are enzymes?
the proteins which have the power to catalyse chemical reaction is called enzyme
80
Which chemical are used to form cholesterol?
acetic acid
81
What is the meaning of catabolic reaction ?
the chemical reaction which leads to break down of the metabolite is called catabolic reaction
82
Which is the energy currency?
ATP
83
What are the neucleic acid tha behave like enzyme called ?
ribozyme
84
What are the active sites?
those pockets in an enzyme where the substrate fits is called active sites
85
What are thermophillic enzymes?
those enzymes that stays in high temperature are known as thermophillic enzyme
86
What is the meaning of physical process?
the change which refers to the change in the shape of the substance
87
What is the meaning of chemical reaction?
the reactions where new bonds are formed and old bonds are broken
88
How many metabolic reactions are involved in the conversion of glucose from pyruvate?
substrate
89
What is teh catalytic cycle of an enzyme?
1) S+E
2) SE
3) SP
4) S + P
90
How does the functionning of the enzyme chaneg with the change of temp and ph?
first it increasses and then it slows down
91
What is the meaning of inhibition?
the binding of a chemical to the enzyme that stops it from functioning is called inhibition
92
What are inhibitor?
the chemicals that stops the functioning of the enzyme
93
What is the meaning of cometitive inhibitor?
the chemcals that closely resembles the substrate and and inhibits the functioning of the enzyme
94
What re the different types of enzymes?
1) Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases
2) Transferase
3) Hydrolases
4) Lysases
5) Isomerase
6) Ligase
95
What are cofactors ?
these are the chemicals that binds to the enzyme for the active functioning of the enzymes .
96
What are the types of cofactors ?
1) prosthetic cofactors
2) Co enzyme
3) Metal ions
97
What is the meaning of apoenzyme?
the enzyme part of the enzyme co factor complex is called apoenzyme
98
What are the prosthetic groups ?
these are the organic compounds that are permanently to the enzyme
99
What are co enzymes?
these are the enzymes that are bound to the enzyme only to catalyze the chemical reaction
100
Give an example of prosthetic enzyme ?
peroxidase and catalase catalyze the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen , haem is hte prosthetic part of the prosthetic group
101
Give an example of co enzyme ?
NAD : nicotamide adenine dinucleate
| NADP
102
How does metal ions help in catalysing the chemical reaction?
they help in the activating the enzymes
103
Give an example of metal ion that catalyze chemical reaction?
zinc is the cofactor for the proteolytic enzyme proteolytic enzyme carboxypeptidase
