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League of Legends S11 > Chapter 21: Neural Control and coordination > Flashcards

Chapter 21: Neural Control and coordination Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of coordination?

A

the process through which two or more organ interact with each other and complement each others functions is known as coordination

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2
Q

What is the meaning of synaptic cleft?

A

the space between two synaptic knob is called synaptic cleft \

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3
Q

What is the layer that protects the brain called?

A

cranial meninges

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4
Q

What are hte layers of meninges?

A

duramater
arachnoid
pia mater

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5
Q

What are the major parts of the brian?

A

fore brain
mid brain
hind brain

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6
Q

What are the parts of the fore brain?

A

cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus

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7
Q

What connects the right and the left hemisphere of hte cerebrum?

A

corpus callosum

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8
Q

What is the color of the cerebral crtex?

A

grey matter

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9
Q

Why makes the color of the gray matter grey?

A

because of concentrated neuron bodies

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10
Q

What are the three regions in hte motor cortex?

A

motor areas.
sensory areas
association area

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11
Q

What makes the color of the white matter white?

A

myelin sheath

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12
Q

What is the funciton of the thalamus?

A

major coordination center of sensory and motor signalling

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13
Q

What is the function of hypothalamus 3 ?

A

body temperature

urge for drinking and aeting

it also contains several neurosecretory cells

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14
Q

What are hte components of the mid brain?

A

cerebral aqueduct

corpora quadrigemina

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15
Q

What are the components of the hind brain?

A

pons

cerebellum

medulla

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16
Q

What is the function of pons?

A

fibres that connects the various parts of the brain

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17
Q

What is the function of crebullum?

A

creates more surface area for more neurons

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18
Q

What is the function of medullla?

A

centers that connects the respiration
cardiovascular reflexes
gastric secretions

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19
Q

What are the three major ragions that makes up the brain stem ?

A

mid brain

pons

medulla oblongata

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20
Q

What is reflex action?

A

the action done without thinking

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21
Q

What are the two parts of the human neural system?

A

cranial

peripheral

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22
Q

What are the parts of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal chord

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23
Q

What are the two types of nerve fibres of the PNS?

A

efferent fibres

afferent fibres

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24
Q

What are the two parts of teh PNS?

A

somatic neural system

autonomic neural system

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25
What do you understand by visceral nervous sytem ?
the part of PNS that comprises the whole network of nerve fibres , ganglia and plexuses
26
What are the parts of a neuron?
axon cell body dendron
27
What is the function of dendrite ?
it receives the signals from the axon of the teh first neuron
28
What is multi polar neuron ?
with one axon and more than one dentrite
29
What is the meaning unipolar neuron ?
they have only one axon
30
What is the meaning of bipolar neuron ?
with one axon and one dendron
31
Which cells forms the myelim sheath in the PNS?
shwann cells
32
What is node of ranvier ?
the gap between two adjacent mylein sheath is called node of ranvier
33
What is a myelinated neuron ?
when the shwann cells forms a mylein sheath around the neuron is called mylinated neuron
34
When is a neurn non myelinated ?
when the shwann cells do not form a myelien sheath around a neuron is called neuron
35
Where is mylinated fibres usually found?
spinal and cranial nerves
36
Where is non myelinated nervous fibers found?
autonomous and somatic neurons
37
What is the function of olfactory receptor?
they sense smell
38
Which epitehlium is responsible for the formation of the Olfactory receptor?
olfactory epithelium
39
What is the funciton of gustatory receptor?
they sense taste
40
What is the socket that contains the eyeball called?
orbit
41
What is the inner layer of the eye ball called?
retina
42
What are the three layers of the photoreceptor cells>
photoreceptor bipolar ganglion cells
43
What are the two types of photoreceptor cells?
rod | cons
44
What is the funciton of rods?
it is responsible for twilight vision
45
What is the function of cons?
they help to sense colors
46
What is the pigment present in the rods ?
rhodopsin
47
Which vitamin is the precursor of rhodopsin ?
vitamin A
48
What are the three types of cons?
red green blue
49
What is blind spot?
the places where photoreceptor is absent is called blind spot
50
What is the yellow pigement found in the prosterior part of the blind sopt?
macula lutea
51
What is the central pit found in the prosterior parts of the blind spot called?
fovea
52
What is teh space between the cornea and the lens called?
aqueous chamber
53
What is the fluid present in the space between the cornea and the lens called?
aqueous humour
54
What is the fluid present in the part between the retina and the lens called?
vitreous humour
55
What are the photosensetive pigments?
opsin(protein ) and retinal( an aldehyde of vit A)
56
Where is the optic signals interpreted in the brain?
visual cortex
57
here we start the MEDI FLIX PART
/////////////////////////////////
58
What is the meaning of coordination?
THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH TWO OR MORE ORGANS INTERACTS WITH EACH OTHER IS CALLED COORDINATION
59
What porvides chemical coordination to the body?
hormones
60
What are the two parts of the neural system?
PNS and CNS
61
What are the two parts of the CNS ?
brain | spinal chord
62
What are the two types of nerves present in PNS?
somatic and autonomic
63
What are the types of nerves in Autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
64
What are the two types of the nervous fibre on the basis of the direction in which they transmit signal?
afferent and efferent
65
What are the major parts of the neuron ?
dendrites cyton axon
66
What are the granular cell organeele present in the cyton of the neuron ?
nissl's granules
67
What are nissl's granules?
these are the small granular oganelle present in the cyton and dendrite
68
Where are Nissl's granules found?
they are present in the cyton and dendrites
69
What is synaptic knob?
it is the part of the neuron present in hte end of the neuron
70
What does the synaptic knob contain?
it contains neurotransmitters
71
What are the different types in which the neuron are divided on hte basis of the number of axon and cyton/
multipolar uni polar bipolar
72
Where are multipolar neurons found?
they are present in the cerebral cortex
73
Where are unipolar neurons found?
they are ussually found in the embryonic stage
74
Where are bipolar neurons present ?
retina of eye
75
What forms the myelinated sheath in neurons of the brain ?
oligodendrocyte
76
What forms the myelin sheath in the neurons of the PNS?
schwann cells
77
Where are mylelinated neurons present?
cranial and spinal nerves
78
Where are non myelinated neurons present?
autonomous and somatic nervers
79
What is the condition of the neuron when it is depolarised?
the K ions are permeable but | not the -ve proteins and Na + ions
80
What is the function of K,Na ATPase ?
it pumps 3Na outside and 2K inside
81
What happens when a stimulus reaches the membrane?
it membrane becomes permeable to the Na ions
82
What is the meaning resting potentail?
the electrical potentail across a resting membrane
83
What happens to the neural membrane when a stimuli reaches the membrane ?
the membrane becomes permeable to Na ions and this leads the Na to stream inside and this makes the outside negative charged and inside positive charge
84
What is the funciton of the mylinated sheath?
it increase the speed at which the nervous stimuli is transmitted
85
What is synapse
when two ends arevery close to each other they may be attached or may have a gap in between
86
What are hte two types of synapses?
electrical chemical
87
What is synaptic cleft?
the space in between two post synaptic membrane and pre synaptic membrane
88
Which synapse is transmission faster?
electrical synapse
89
Where are neuro transmitter present in the neuron?
in the axon terminal
90
When is the neuron transmitter released?
when the stimuli reaches the axon terminal
91
Where does the neurotranmitters bind to ?
receptor s
92
What are the two tyeps of potentail developed from hte neuro transmitters?
inhibitory or | excitatory
93
What are the parts of the brain ?
fore brain mid brain hind brain
94
Which is the command and control system of the body ?
brain
95
What are the functions of the brain? 6
``` voluntary movement balance of ht ebody functioning of the vital organs ( heart, kidney, lungs) thermoregulation hunger and thirst circadian rythmn endocrine and gladns human behaviour processing of( vision, memory, intelligence,emotions,thougts ) ```
96
What protecets the brain?
cranial meninges
97
What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?
durameter arachnoid piamater
98
Where is the sub arachnoid space present?
below the arachnoid and above the piamater between piamater and arachnoid
99
Where is the CSF present?
in hte sub arachnoid space
100
What are the three parts in which the brain is divided?
forebrain mid brain hind brain
101
What are the parts of the brain ?
cerebral hemisphere thalamus hypothalamus
102
Which layer lines the gyri in the brain ?
piamater
103
What is corpus callosum?
it is the a tract of nerve fibre that connects the left adn right brain.
104
What is cerebral cortex?
it covers the ceribral hemisphere
105
Which part of the brain covers the cranial hemisphere?
the cerebral cortex
106
Which part of the brain contains the folds?
cerebral cortex
107
What part of the brain is called the grey matter ?
cerebral cortex
108
Which part of the neuron is present in the cerebral cortex?
the cell body
109
What gives the cerebral cortex the prominent grey color?
the neuron cell body
110
What are the different types of regions present in the cerebral cortex?
motor sensory association areas
111
What is the function of the association areas ?
these are responsible for the complex function like | intersensory association, memory and communication
112
Which part of the neuron is present in the cerebral hemishpere?
the axon
113
What type of axon is present in the cerebral hemispherer?
mylinated sheath
114
What gives the cerebral hemispere the distinct white appearance?
the myelinated sheath
115
What is the function of the thalamus?
it is a major sensory and coordination center
116
Where is the hypothalamus present?
at the base of the thalamus
117
What are functions of the hypothalamus?
body temperature urge for eating drinking several neurosecretory neuron( hypothalmic hormones)
118
What are the structures present in the inner most part of the cerebral hemishpere?
limbic system
119
What are the parts of hte limbic system?
amygdala , hippocampus
120
What are the functions of the limbic system?
they are responsible for excitement, pleasure , rage and sexual behaviour and motivation
121
What are the parts of the hind brain?
pons Cerebullum mdeulla
122
What is the function of pons?
they interconnect the various regions fo the brain
123
What is the function of the cerebellum ?
it increases the surface area for many more neuron it controls the balance
124
What is the funciton of medulla ?
it controls respiration , cardio vasclar reflexes, gastric secretion
125
What are the three major regions that makes up the brain stem?
mid brain pons medulla oblongata
126
What is the funciton of the brain stem?
it connects the brain to the spinal cord
127
What is the meaning of reflex action ?
hte movement that occurs whithout any thought or without the involvement of the CNS is called reflex action
128
What are the componenets of the reflex action ?
receptor | efferet neuron
129
From where does the reflex action get t know what to do?
form the dorsal nerve root
130
To which nerve is the nose connected?
cranial nerve 1
131
To what is the olfactory nerve connect to ?
to the olfactory bulb
132
To which part does the olfactory bulb belong to ?
hte olfactory bulb is the extension of the limbic bulb
133
To which cranial ner ve is the tongue attached to?
to the 12 th cranial nerve
134
What receptor does the taste buds contain?
gustatory receptors
135
What are socket where the eye is present called?
the orbit
136
What are the three layers of the eye?
sclera choroid retina
137
What type of tissue is sclera?
dense connective tissue
138
What is the anterior part of the sclera called?
cornea
139
What does the coroid contain?
many blood vessel
140
What is the color of the choroid?
it is blue in color becuase of the presence of many blood vessel
141
What fraciton of the eye ball is made up of choroid?
2/3 rd
142
What is the part of the choroid that helps in holding the lens of the eye?
the cilliary body
143
What connects the lens to the ciliary body?
ligament
144
To which part of the eye is the iris?
it the modified part of the ciliary body
145
What regulates the dimeter of the pupil?
the muscle fibres of the iris
146
What are the three inner layes of the retina?
glial neurons bipolar neurons photoreceptors
147
What are the types of photopigments?
rods and cons
148
Which pigment is responsible for photopic vision ?
cons
149
Which pigment is responsible for sctopic vision?
rods
150
Which preotein does the rods contain ?
rhodopsin
151
Rhodopsin is the derivative of which vitamin ?
vitamin A
152
What are the three types of cons?
red blue green
153
When is the white light perceived by hte cons?
when equal amounts of red green and blue is received by the cons
154
Where is the blind spot present?
it is present at a point medial of the prosterior pole of the eye
155
What is the function of the blind spot?
it acts as a passage for the nerve fibres and blood vessel
156
Where is macula lutea present?
it is present lateral to the blind spot
157
What is the color of the macula lutea?
it is yellowing in color
158
What is the central pit of the macula lutea called?
fovea
159
Where is the visual activity greatest?
fovea
160
Why is fovea the place with the highest resolution ?
because of high concentration of rods and cons
161
Why is fovea the place with the highest visual activity?
because of the high concentration of rods and cons
162
Describe the full mechanism of vision?
photoreceptor opsin + retinal the dissociation of retinal from opsin causes the membrane to change the permeability this results in the potential difference in photorecptor cells this siganl produces action potential in the photoreceptor this signal is transmited to the optical neve through the bipolar neuron then the signal is transmitted to the visual cortex of the brain where this siganl is interpreted
163
What are the components of hte photopigments?
opsin + retinal
164
What is retinal ?
an aldehyde of vitamin A
165
What is the meaning of resting poteintial?
the electrical potentail difference across the resting potential
166
What is polarised state meanig?
the resting membrane
167
What is the meaning of action potential ?
the polarity change across the membrane due to the movement of ions is called action potential
168
When is the membrane is said to be called depolarized?
the positive charge move inside
169
What is the meaning of repolarization ?
the restoring of the resting potential form the depolarized state is called repolarization
170
What is the meaning of saltatory conduction?
the action potential jumping from node to node
171
What are the two main neurotransmitter in vertabrates?
Acetylcholine(Ach) and Norepinephrine
172
Which ions cause the the movement of synapse vescicles to the surface of the knob?
calcium ions
173
How does the neutrotransmitter create depolarization?
they change the membrane potential
174
What is the weight of the brain ?
1220-1400 gms
175
What are the parts of the human brain ?
``` forebrain (prosencephalon) mid brain (mesencephalon) hind brain(rhombencephalon) ```
176
What are the parts of the fore brain ?
olfactory lobes cerebrum diencephalon
177
What forms the major part of human brian ?
cererbrum
178
What is the outer portion of the cerebrum called?
cerebral cortex
179
What is the function part of the frontal part of the cerebrum?
monitors complex thoughts, actions and ideas that controls intellectual ability
180
What is the function parietal lobe of the cerebrum?
takes the sensory perceptions, organizes and communicates it to the rest of the brain
181
What is the function of the temporal lobe of the cerebur?
decodes and interprets sound, smell , memory and emotions
182
What is the function of occiptal lobe?
it interprets the visual information, shape and color
183
What are the parts of hte diencephalon?
thalamus epithalamus hypothalamus
184
What is the function of thalamus?
sensory and motor signalling
185
What are the functions hypothalamus?
body temperatures urge for eating and drinking growth and sexual behaviour neuro endocrine role
186
Where is the mid brain located?
between the thalamus/hypothalamus and pons
187
What are the parts of the mid brain ?
dorsal parts of the mid brain: corpora quadrigemina
188
What is teh function of corpora quardigemina?
visual and auditory reflex
189
Which part of the brain is equivalent to the optic lobes of the lower animals?
corpora quadrigemina
190
What are the parts of the hind brain ?
pons cerebellum medulla
191
What is the function of pons?
it interconnects the various parts of the brain
192
Give tow parts of the limbic system?
amygdala | hippocampus
193
What is the funciton of the limbic system?
it controls the excitement and pleaure fear and moticvation and the sexual excitement too
194
What is the funciton fo cerebullum?
balance | rapid muscular response and typing and also talking
195
What are the functions of medulla oblongata?
has the control centers for respiration, cardiovascular reflex and gastric secretion
196
What connects the brain to the spine ?
the brain stem
197
What are the parts of the brain stem?
pons cerebllum medulla
198
What is the length of the spinal cord?
43-45 cm
199
Till which spine does the spinal cord extend to ?
form the medulla oblongata to the 2nd lumber vertebra
200
What is the arrangement of hte white and the grey matter in teh spine?
grey matter in | white matter out
201
What is present below the second lumber vertebra?
fine spinal nerve called : cauda equina
202
What is the end of the spinal cord called ?
conus medullaris
203
What is filum terminale ?
the thin filaments that arises after the spnal cord ends
204
What is the function filum terminale?
it enchors the spinal cord to the vertebral column
205
What are the types of relfex ?
unconditional conditional
206
What is the meaning of unconditional reflex?
these relex develops in born
207
What is the meaning of conditional reflex?
this are developed due to past experience and training and learning
208
What are the two components of PNS?
spinal nerve and cranial nerve
209
How many cranial nerves are present?
12
210
How many spinal nerves are present?
31
211
What are the parts of the spinal nerves?
``` 8 pair - cervical nerve 12 pair - thoraicic nerve 5 pair - lumbar nerves 5 pair - sacral nerves 1 pair - coccygeal nerve ```
212
What is the receptor present in the nose called?
olfactory receptor
213
What are the three types of cells in the olfactory receptor?
receptor support basal cells
214
What is the receptor present in tongue called?
gustatory receptor
215
What are the things presetn in the cornea?
no blood vessel but is rich in nerve
216
What is the function of conjunctiva?
protects the cornea and also secretes oil and mucus that moistens and lubricates the eye
217
Which part of the eye nourishes the retina?
choroid
218
Which part in the eye has the highest resolutiojn?
fovea centralis
219
Which part of the retina contains only rods?
fovea

League of Legends S11 (22 decks)

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