Chapter 20 : Locomotion and Movement

Question 1

how does movmene ttake place in amoeba?

Answer 1

protoplasmic streaming

micro filaments are also used in the movmenet

Question 2

How does movemnet take place in paramoecium ?

Answer 2

cillia

Question 3

How and wehre does the paramoecium take the food inside its body / cell?

Answer 3

with the help of cillia it diverts the food into the cytopharynx

Question 4

how does hydra move andcapture food?

Answer 4

with teh helpp of tentacles

Question 5

All locomotions are movemnet but all movements are not locomotion?

Answer 5

true

Question 6

What are the three types of movemnet shown in humnan bodies?

Answer 6

amoeboid : amcrophage and leukocytes
cilliary : cilliated epithelium , tracheaae, fallopian tube
muscular : tingue , limbs etc

Question 7

from which germ layer does the muscles originate from?

Answer 7

mesoderm

Question 8

What are the types of muslces on the basis of location? Where are they found?

Answer 8

skeletal ( assocaited to skeletal system)
visceral (inner walls of hollow organs)
cardiac muscles ( present in the heart)

Question 9

What is fascia made up of ?

Answer 9

collagenous tissue

Question 10

What acts as a store house of Ca++ ions in teh muscle cell?

Answer 10

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

What is the light band and the dark band composed of?

Answer 11

light ; actin (I band )

dark : myosin (A band )

Question 12

Which is caleld the thick and thin filaments?

Answer 12

thick : myoson

think : actin

Question 13

What is present in the middle of an I band?

Answer 13

Z line that connect the actin fibres

Question 14

What is presnet in the middle of the A band?

Answer 14

M line

Question 15

What is the funcitonal unit of the muslce?

Answer 15

hte region between the two Z line is caleld ht sarcomere and is the funcitonal unit

Question 16

What is Hzone>

Answer 16

the area in the middle where there is no overlap of actin and myosin is called H zone

Question 17

What are F actin and G actin?

Answer 17

F actin is made up of G actin

Question 18

What are the two other protien presnet on the actin filament?

Answer 18

tropnin and tropomyosin

Question 19

What masks the active bnding sirtes of myosin on actin ?

Answer 19

troponin

but in reality the troponin binds to the tropomyosin which binds to the actin

Question 20

What is the myosin composed of ?

Answer 20

it is composed of meromyoson

Question 21

What are the components of meromyoson?

Answer 21

HMM ( head and cross arm)

LMM

Question 22

What is present in the head of a meromyosin??

Answer 22

ATPase enzyme and binding site for ATP and active sites for actin

Question 23

Which theory shows the contraction of muscles?

Answer 23

sliding filaments theory

Question 24

What initiates the contraction of hte muslces?

Answer 24

a signal sent from teh CNS

Question 25

What is motor unit

Answer 25

neuron and the muscles together are called motor unti

Question 26

What is the motor end plate? ad what is it also knowns as?

Answer 26

the juncito between the muscle and the neuron is called the motor end plate and is also known as the neuromusclar junction q

Question 27

What leads to teh unmaking of the actin filaments?

Answer 27

increase in Ca ions

Question 28

What releases the Ca ions in teh mcueles?

Answer 28

the spread of action potential in the muscles leads to teh release fo Ca++ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 29

What leads to the unmaksing of the active binding sites in the muslces?

Answer 29

bindng of Ca++ to the tropnonin which uncovers the binding sites of the actin and thus leading to myosin binding to it

Question 30

Where are the Ca++ pumped back into ?

Answer 30

they are pumpoed back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 31

What leads to fatigue?

Answer 31

repeated activation leads to the accumulation of lactic acid int eh muscles which leads to fatigue

Question 32

What leads to accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles?

Answer 32

due to the anaerobic breakdown of glycogen in the msucles

Question 33

What is the concentration of myoglobin the red and white muscles fibres?

Answer 33

red muscles had more myoglobin

Question 34

Which muslces has more number of saroplasmic reticulum?

Answer 34

white fibres have more sarcoplasmic reticulum than red

Question 35

Which muslces has more number of mitocondria ?

Answer 35

white has more mitochondria than red

Question 36

Which depends on anaerobic reticulum for energy?

Answer 36

white fibres have anaerobic respiration for energy

Question 37

What type of tissue are bone and cartilage?

Answer 37

they are specialized connective tissue

Question 38

What makes bone very hard and what makes cartilage pliable?

Answer 38

bone: ca salts cardilage: condriotin

Question 39

How many bones does a humna have? How many axial and how many appendicular?

Answer 39

206 axial : 80 appendicular; 126

Question 40

What are hte bones of the axial bone system?

Answer 40

``` skull (22) malleus incus stapes (6) hyoid (1) vertebrate (26) ribs (24) sternum (1) ```

Question 41

What are the bones of the appendicular system?

Answer 41

120 in limbs pectoral ( scapula , clavicle) : 4 pelvic girdle (2)

Question 42

How does the skull and the first vertebrae articulate with each other?

Answer 42

central hollow portion | NEURAL CANAL

Question 43

Why are the bones in the vertebrae?

Answer 43

``` vertebrae: 7 cervical 12 thoracci 5 lumbar 1 sacral (5) 1 coccygeal (4) ```

Question 44

What are hte different types of ribs?

Answer 44

true : 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, flase: 8,9,10 floating ribs: 11, 12

Question 45

What are the composition o the rib cage ?

Answer 45

vertebrae. rbs, sternum

Question 46

What are the bones in the fore limb?

Answer 46

``` humerus radicle ulna carpals (8) meta carpels (5) phalanges (14) ```

Question 47

What are the bones in the hind limb?

Answer 47

``` femur patella tibia fibula tarsals (7) meta tarsels (5) phallenges (14) ```

Question 48

What is the pectoral girdle composed of?

Answer 48

scapula | clavicle

Question 49

What is the pelvic girdle composed of ?

Answer 49

2 coxal bone

Question 50

What is the acetabulum composed of?

Answer 50

illleum , ischim, pubis

Question 51

What is the obturator foramen composed of?

Answer 51

pubis , ischium

Question 52

How are clavicle and humerus connected to teh scapula ?

Answer 52

clavicle : scapula (ACROMIUM) | humerus : scapula (GLENOID)

Question 53

How many curvatures are the there in teh clavicle?

Answer 53

2 curvatures

Question 54

How are the two pubis symphisis connected to each other?

Answer 54

fibrous cartilage

Question 55

What is the sutures composed of ?

Answer 55

firbous connetive tissue

Question 56

What is the tissue that connects in the vertebrae and sternum?

Answer 56

hyoid tissue

Question 57

Where are cartilage joints prenset?

Answer 57

pubic sysmphsis | vertebrae

Question 58

Where is ball and socket bone prenset?

Answer 58

humerus and pectoral

Question 59

Where is hindge joint prenst?

Answer 59

knee joint

Question 60

Where is pivot joint prenset?

Answer 60

atlas and axis

Question 61

Where is gliding joint prenst?

Answer 61

carpals

Question 62

Where is saddle joint prenseT?

Answer 62

carpels and meta carpels in the thumbs

Question 63

Where is condylar joint present?

Answer 63

in the skull

Question 64

myasthemis gravis

Answer 64

auto immune disorder affecting neurotransmitter junction leading to fatigue weakening and paralysis of skeletal muscle

Question 65

muscular dystropy

Answer 65

progressive degenerative of skeletal muscle mostly due to genetic disorder

Question 66

tetany

Answer 66

rapid spasms | due to low Ca++

Question 67

arthiritis

Answer 67

inflammation of joint s

Question 68

osteoporosis

Answer 68

age related less bone mass increase chance of fractures decreased level of estrogen is a common cause

Question 69

gout

Answer 69

inflammation of joints to accumulation of uric acid crystals