1
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Exploring Human Development
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Exploring Human Development
1
Q
the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life
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Development
2
Q
when a child is in his or her maturation state
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growth
3
Q
When an individuals health starts to deteriate
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decline
4
Q
Changes in a persons biological nature
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Physical Processes
5
Q
Involves changes in a persons thinking, intelligence, and language
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Cognitive Processes
6
Q
refers to changes in social relationships, emotions, and personality.
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Socioemotional Processes
7
Q
Age related differences-
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relates to different aspects of a persons physical, cognitive, and socioemotional characteristics
8
Q
Testing a group of people at different ages at one point in time.
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Cross-sectional studies
9
Q
Measuring the same people over and over at different points in time.
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Longitudinal studies
10
Q
This refers to a persons biological inheritance
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Nature
11
Q
refers to a persons environmental and social experience.
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Nurture
12
Q
your actual genetic material
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Genotype
13
Q
How it actually presents itself
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Phenotype
14
Q
this is your ability to recover from difficult times.
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Resilience
15
Q
Germinal Period
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Germinal Period
16
Q
Occurs when the single sperm cell from the biological male mergers from the biological females ovem
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Conception
17
Q
this merge produces a ____, a single cell with 23 chromosomes from each parent.
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Zygote
18
Q
By week two, it is no longer a
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single cell, but little massive cells
19
Q
Embryonic Period (Weeks 3 to 8)
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Embryonic Period (Weeks 3 to 8)
20
Q
Cells divide and mature, _____
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forming tissues
21
Q
Week 4-
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The neural tube forms inside the embryo.
22
Q
Week 8-
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The heart starts beating, limbs take shape, the face begins forming, and the intestines start developing.
23
Q
Fetal Period (Months 2 to 9)
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Increase in organ functioning.
Can be affected by environmental insults.
Around two months, the fetus is the size of a kidney bean.
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any agent that can disrupt the development of the fetus. There are examples
Teratogens
Examples:Nichotine, tobacco, alchohol, drugs, and viruses like rubella and stds and sti
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Effects of teratogens depend on :
1.Timing of the exposure
2.Genetic characteristics
3.Post natal environment
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Genetically wired behaviors
Some are crucial for survival.
Reflexes
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Some _____throughout life.
Persists
Coughing and Yawning
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Some _____ with neurological development.
Dissapear
gripping, rooting, and startle.
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Perceptual and Motor Development
Perceptual and Motor Development
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refers to moving from one place to the other.
Locomotion
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between 3-5 months, the child learns to ___
grab and reach.
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a research technique that involves giving an infant a choice of what object to look at.
Preferential looking
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Myelination
Your brain cells get a fatty coating that helps them send messages faster and more clearly.
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Synaptic connections increase
dramatically during childhood.
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Pruning
removes or replaces unused synapses.
35
Brain mass ___
Increases dramatically
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From 3-6, most rapids brain growth occurs ___
In your frontal lobes
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Cognitive development
How thought intelligence and language change as people mature.
38
Jean Piaget -
Children actively construct their cognitive world using:
Schemas.-Mental frameworks or categories children use to organize and interpret information.
Assimilation. When a child encounters something new and fits it into an existing schema
Accommodation. When the existing schema is adjusted or a new one is created to incorporate new information.
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Sensorimotor Stage
This is when infants are constructing their understand of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions.
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Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)-This is when infants are constructing their understand of the world by coordinating sensory experiences with motor actions
___
___
Object permanence.The understanding that objects continue to exists even when you can’t see it.
Progress from reflexive action to symbolic thought.
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Preoperational Stage (2 to 7 years)
Operations-This is mental representation of changes that are reversable
Symbolic thinking:
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Concrete operational stages (ages 7-11)
Involves using operations and replacing intuitive reasoning with logical reasoning in concrete situations.
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Formal Operational Stage (11 to 15 years)
Involves thinking abstractly
Lasts through adulthood.
Abstract and idealistic thought.
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Cognitive Theory.
Saw Children as apprentice thinkers.
Interaction with adults (“expert thinkers”) provides scaffolding for child’s cognitive abilities. The developed more cognitively with more knowledgeable adults
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-Focuses on how people encode information, how they manipulate it, how they monitor its, and create strategies for handling it.
Information proccessing theory
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That mental workspace that you use for problem solving.
Working memory
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Those higher order, complex cognitive processes. Planning ahead, solving problems
executive function
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Temperament
Temperament
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Three Clusters of Temperament
Easy- Usually in a positive mood, like routines, they adapt easily to new experiences.
Difficult.-This child will react negatively and cry frequently. They will engage in irregular daily routines. They have trouble sticking to a routine. They are slow to excepting new experiences. So when they see a stranger, they may scream and cry.
Slow-to-warm-up. This child will have a low actively level. They are somewhat negative and inflexible. They are very cautious I the face of new experiences.
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Being able to manage ones attention, emotions, and behaviors to inhibit impulses.
Negative affectivity.-negative emotions.
Effortful control/self-regulation inhibition.
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Harlow’s Monkey Study
Harlow showed that baby monkeys care more about comfort than just food. Even when one fake mom gave food, the babies preferred cuddling with the soft, furry mom who didn’t feed them.
This proved love and attachment are about more than just getting fed—they’re about feeling safe and comforted.
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John Bowlby
Infant attachment lays groundwork for future relationships.
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Mary Ainsworth—Strange Situation Test
Caregivers leave infant alone with stranger, then return.
Secure attachment:-The infant uses the caregiver as a secure base in which to explore the environment.
Insecure attachment:Infants experience their relationship with their caregiver as unstable and unreliable.
Avoidant:They may not know time that their mom left
Anxious/ambivalent:-When mom leaves they are in distress. When she comes back, they are still in bad mood
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What did Erik Eriksin do?
devised a theory of phsychological development
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Trust versus mistrust
There needs to be a minimal amount of fear. An infants needs need to be met by responsive caregivers. This is from birth to about 18 months
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Autonomy versus shame and doubt
This is occurring from about a year and a half to 3 years old.. They learn to be independent. If they are restrained or punished from exploring their environment, that can lead to shame and doubt.
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Eriksons reaseach primarly
-focused on case study research.
-Omitted important developmental tasks.
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👮 Authoritarian Parenting
Very strict and controlling
Demands obedience without discussion
Kids may struggle with social skills and often compare themselves to others
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Authoritative Parenting
Sets clear rules but encourages independence
Open to discussion and reasoning
Kids tend to be confident, responsible, and good with others
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Neglectful
Lack of parental involvement is childs life. Children might develope the sense that other aspects of their parents life is more important than them
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Permissive
Few rules or limits
Acts more like a friend than a parent
Lets the child do whatever they want
Kids often struggle with self-control, respect, and social skills
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Kohlberg
presented moral dilemmas and analyzed responses.
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
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Preconventional:
You make choices to avoid punishment or get rewards.
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Conventional
You follow rules to please others or obey laws.
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Postconventional:
You follow your own moral principles, even if they go against laws.
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⚖️ Moral Reasoning ≠ Moral Behavior
Just because someone knows what’s right doesn’t mean they’ll act that way. Kohlberg focused on justice-based reasoning—a universal standard for moral thinking—but this doesn’t always predict real-life behavior.
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Foundations of moral judgments
Care:
Fairness:
Loyalty:
Authority:
Purity:
Care: Values kindness, connection, and protecting others.
Fairness: Focuses on justice and equal treatment.
Loyalty: Stresses staying true to your group.
Authority: Respects leaders and rules.
Purity: Judges actions based on whether they feel noble or gross.
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Transition from Childhood to Adulthood
starts age 10 to 12.
ends age 18 to 21.
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Puberty
Boys: Early puberty can boost popularity and confidence, but may also lead to problems.
Girls: Early puberty often leads to fewer academic interests and more emotional challenges.
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🔁 Hormonal Changes
Puberty triggers major shifts in hormones like estrogen and testosterone.
These changes drive physical growth, mood swings, and emotional sensitivity.
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Research on early bloomers:
Girls:
Higher risk of anxiety, depression, and body image issues
More social pressure and less academic focus
Boys:
Often gain popularity and confidence
But may face increased aggression, substance use, or emotional struggles
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This is the belief that other people are as pre-occupied with the adoliescent as they are.
Adolescent Egocentrism
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When adolescence think that they are incapable of being harmed.
Sense of invincibility
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What could this lead to?
This could lead to substance abuse, reckless driving, racing, fighting people.
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Identity Diffusion
Low exploration commitment
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Identity Foreclosure
Commitment to an identity without exploring alternatives.
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Moratorium
Active exploration of identity options without yet making a commitment.
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Identity Achievement
When you commit to a path after you have explored all the options
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Early adulthood-
We are at peak development in 20s. We start to decline in 30s
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Middle adulthood-
we start seeing wrinkles, hairloss, weight gain, and vision problems
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Late Adulthood
We start to accumulate wear and tear. Physical strenght declines
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Cellular Clock Theory:
Predicts human life span of about 120 years.
Shortening telomeres.
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Free Radical Theory
Free-radical theory says people age because unstable oxygen molecules in cells cause damage.
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Harmonal Stress Theory
The Hormonal Stress Theory argues that aging in the body's hormonal system can lower resistance to stress and increase the likelihood of disease."
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Cognitive Development- Early Adulthood
Idealism gives way to realistic pragmatism.
Reflection on worldview.
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Cognitive Development-Middle adulthood
Highest level of functioning for four of six intellectual abilities.
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Cognitive Development-Late adulthood
Speed of processing generally declines.
Memory retrieval skills decline.
Wisdom increases in some individuals.
Physical activity can improve cognitive function.
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Intimacy vs Isolation
Finding closeness in friendship and partners is achieving intimacy. Isolation is doing the opposite.
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Generativity Versus Stagnation
Stagnation-Creating something of value that will benefit future generations. Stagnation is the opposite. It is the feeling of not contributing to future generations.
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Integrity Versus Despair
Despair-You have a strong sense of meaning is integrity. People with despair are filled with fear and no integrity.
Psych
flashcards
Decks in class (21)
# Cards
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King Philips Speech8
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Psyc Flashcards64
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Chapter 1 notes (2)5
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Chapter 1 notes (2)-Psychological Frame of Mind12
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Wilhelm Wundt7
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James Functionalism5
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Charles Darwin4
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More Famous People3
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More approaches5
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Notable psychologists recap + more27
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Science used as a method74
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chapter 2 part 234
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quiz 2 flashcards14
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Exam 2 Notes. Part 1-Classical Conditioning23
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Exam 2 Part 2 Flashcards-Operant Conditioning.6
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Reinforcement44
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Chapter 9 Notes92
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Chapter 6 quiz flashcards15
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Chapter 1260
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Chapter 1389
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Quiz 7 notes15
