GATT
1) was the governing body of trading and shit
2) DEALS ONLY IN GOODS
3) LOST ITS RELEVANCE IN 1980s
4) was replaced bY WTO
the top level of wto is the MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE
AND THEY MEET EVERY TWO YEARS
1) bilateral trade agreements
2) regional preference trade agreements
1) only to set rules and for specific goods with no change in tax or tariff
2) change in tax and tariff for the betterment of trade and for all kind of goods + for the members of the group created “ONLY”
TYPES OF RTAs
THIS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THEM
1) fixed exchange rate / pegged exchanged rate
2) floating exchange rate
3) managed floating exchanged rate system
1) fixed by the goverment
2) fixed by the market
that is demand and supply
3) fixed by both market and government
isme sarkaar will let market do all things
kuch upar niche hua to fir government interventions honge aur kuch nahi
1) trading blocs
2) free trade area
1) will charge same tariff from external countries
2) will charge different tariffs from same countries
they both are in free trade agreement from there respective groups
the group that violates the MFN
‘IMPP MCQ”
CUSTOM UNION
EX-EUROPEAN UNION
1) trading bloc
2) custom union
1)free trade agreement
2) eliminate all tariff
tariff + quotas hat jaaanaa = free trade agreement
lekin hote hai pure same hote hai lekin ek hi difference hai aur wo hai ye
the most controversial topic in the doha agenda was
agricultural trade
MOST IMP REMEMBER THIS
APART FROM THE 20 NEGOTIANG TOPICS OF THE DOHA ROUND
DOHA ROUND
1) 9TH ROUND
2) TOPICS WERE 20 AREA OF TRADE JISPE NEGOTIATION KARNA THA
3) MOST CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS WERE AGRICULTURAL TRADE
THIRD POINT MOST IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER
G20
G20 ek powerful group hai jisme 20 members hain (19 countries + EU). Ye milke duniya ke economic problems (jaise recession, trade, inflation, poverty) ka solution dhoondhte hain. Har saal ek country host karti hai aur PMs aur Presidents milke meeting karte hain.
1) nominal exchange rate
2) real exchange rate
1) determined by the demand and supply of the market
2) determined by the comparasrion of two same products from the two countries
jaise saabun kitne ka milta hai in india and USA
india mei 100rupey ka aur USA mei 1$ to fir 100:1 ka ratio hai
real exchange rate formula
= nominal rate X domestic exchange rate
———————————-
foreign exchange rate
1)Foreign Exchange
2)Foreign Exchange Rate
3)Foreign Exchange Market
1)Ek currency ko dusri currency mein badalna
2)1 currency ki value dusri currency ke mukable
3)Jahan currencies buy/sell hoti hain (global bazar)
1) green field investment
2) brown field investment
1) FRESH STARTING PRODUCTION
2) USING EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE BY MERGING
1) FOREGIN PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT
2) FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
1) holds less than 10% of the companys share
2) hold 10% or more than 10% of the total shares of the company
1) HORIZONTAL FDI
2) VERTICAL FDI
1) INVESTED IN THE SAME TYPE OF BUSINESS
2) INVESTED IN THE RAW MATERIALS
( related to there products )
VERTICAL MEI ITS DIFFERENT FROM THE MAIN BUSINESS
YET IN SOME WAY IT SUPPLEMENTS IT
1) CONGLOMERATE FDI
1) INVESTED IN COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SEGMENTS OF THERE MAIN BUSINESS
WORLDS MAJOR FDI RECIPIENTS
india ki baat hori hai
1) 8TH IN 2020
2) 9TH IN 2019
LEADING COUNTRY IN RESPECT OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT
MAURITIUS
