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HTH 210 - Medical Termnology > Chapter 9 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Combining Form: alveol/o

A

air sac, alveolus

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2
Q

Combining Form: bronch/o, bronchi/o

A

airway, bronchus

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3
Q

Combining Form: hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood

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4
Q

Combining Form: laryng/o

A

voicebox

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5
Q

Combining Form: lob/o

A

a rounded part, lobe

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6
Q

Combining Form: muc/o

A

mucus

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7
Q

Combining Form: nas/o

A

nose

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8
Q

Combining Form: ox/i

A

oxygen

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9
Q

Combining Form: pharyng/o

A

pharynx, throat

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10
Q

Combining Form: phragm/o, phragmat/o

A

partition

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11
Q

Combining Form: pleur/o

A

pleura, rib

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12
Q

Combining Form: pneum/o, pneumon/o

A

air, lung

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13
Q

Combining Form: pulmon/o

A

lung

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14
Q

Combining Form: rhin/o

A

nose

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15
Q

Combining Form: sept/o

A

putrefying; wall. partition

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16
Q

Combining Form: sinus/o

A

cavity

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17
Q

Combining Form: thorac/o

A

chest, thorax

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18
Q

Combining Form: trache/o

A

windpipe, trachea

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19
Q

Respiratory System

A
  • brings oxygen into the bloodstream, removes waste product and carbon dioxide from the blood and channels it outside of the body
  • respiration: process of providing cells with oxygen
  • derived from the word “respiratio” meaning to breathe again
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20
Q

Upper Respiratory Tract

A
  • includes the nasal cavity, pharynx and larynx

- flows to the lungs

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21
Q

Lower Resporatory Tract

A
  • consists of the trachea in the neck and chest, the bronchial tree which branches extensively throuhout the lungs, the tiny air sacs known as alveoli, and the lungs.
  • gas exchange occurs within the walls between the alveoli and the adjacent capillaries, and begins when air enters your alveoli during respiration and exits as carbon dioxide during exhalation
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22
Q

Functions of the Respiratory System:

A

provides a stream of O2 into the blood through inhaltaion, removes CO2 through the process of diffusion followed by exhalation

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23
Q

Respiratory Disease

A
  • can reduce the amount of oxygen that is normally supplied to body cells and increase the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood and other tissues
  • can be caused by congenital conditions, infections, allergies, tumors, heart disease or injury
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24
Q

Pulmonologist

A

physician with a specialization in treating the body region (lungs) , the particular disorder, or a set of similar disorders

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25
Q

Prefix: An-, A-

A

without, absence of

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26
Q

Prefix: Brady-

A

slow

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27
Q

Prefix: Dys-

A

bad, abnormal, painful, difficult

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28
Q

Prefix: Epi-

A

Upon, over, above, on top

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29
Q

Prefix: Eu-

A

normal, good

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30
Q

Prefix: Hyper-

A

excessive, abnormally high, above

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31
Q

Prefix: Hypo-

A

deficient, abnormally low, below

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32
Q

Prefix: Tachy-

A

rapid, fast

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33
Q

Combining Form: laryng/o

A

voice box, larynx

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34
Q

Combining Form: orth/o

A

straight

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35
Q

Suffix: -algia

A

condition of pain

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36
Q

Suffix: -capnia

A

condition of carbon dioxide

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37
Q

Suffix: -dynia

A

condition of pain

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38
Q

Suffix: -emia

A

condition of blood

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39
Q

Suffix: -oxia

A

oxygen

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40
Q

Suffix: -phonia

A

condition of sound or voice

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41
Q

Suffix: -pnea

A

breath

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42
Q

Suffix: -ptysis

A

to cough up

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43
Q

Suffix: -rrhagia

A

abnormal discharge

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44
Q

Suffix: -spam

A

sudden involuntary muscle contraction

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45
Q

Suffix: -staxis

A

dripping

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46
Q

anoxia

A

the absence of oxygen

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47
Q

aphonia

A

absence of voice

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48
Q

apnea

A
  • longer-than-normal pause between breaths
  • common form: sleep apnea: one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths occur while sleeping, may last anywhere from a few seconds to a few minutes, anywhere between 5 to 30 times per minute
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49
Q

bradypnea

A

abnormal slowing of the breathing rhythm

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50
Q

bronchospasm

A
  • narrowing of the airway caused by the contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the tiny tubes known as bronchioles within the lungs
  • common sign of the respiratory disease, asthma.
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51
Q

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

A
  • repeated pattern of distressed breathing marked by a gradual increase of deep breathing followed by shallow breathing and apnea
  • sign of brain dysfunction or congestive heart failure
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52
Q

Dysphonia

A

symptom of a hoarse voice

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53
Q

Dyspnea

A
  • symptom of dificult breathing usually caused by respiratory diease or cardiac disorder
  • eupnea: normal breathing
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54
Q

epistaxis

A
  • clinical term for nosebleed
  • sign of high blood pressure, a nasal sinus infection, inhalation of a toxic irritant or particle, or a blow to the face
  • also known as rhinorrhagia
  • literally means abnormal discharge of the nose
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55
Q

hemoptysis

A

symptom of coughing and spitting up blood

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56
Q

hemothorax

A
  • literally means “chest blood”

- pooling of blood within the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs

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57
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive levels of CO2 in the blood

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58
Q

hypocapnia

A

CO2 levels are deficient in the blood

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59
Q

hyperpnea

A
  • sign of abnormally deep breathing or an abnormally high rate of breathing and is common among patients suffering from emphysema
  • symptom of heart failure
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60
Q

hyperventilation

A

sign of abnormally rapid breathing more common amoung patients who experience anxiety

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61
Q

hypopnea

A

abnormally shallow breathing

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62
Q

hypoventilation

A
  • reduced breathing rhythm that fails to meet the body’s gas exchange demands
  • opposite to an accelerated breathing rhythm
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63
Q

hypoxemia, hypoxia

A
  • abnormally low levels of oxygen in the blood
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64
Q

laryngospasm

A

closure of the glottis, the opening into the larynx due to muscular contractions of the throat

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65
Q

orthopnea

A

limited ability to breathe while laying down and becomes relieved when sitting upright

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66
Q

paroxysm

A
  • sudden onset of symptomatic sharp pain or a convulsion
  • derived from the greek word: paroxysmos: to sharpen or irritate
  • severe coughing spell
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67
Q

sputnam

A

expectorated (coughed out from the lungs) matter that contains mucus, inhaled particles, and sometimes blood or pus

68
Q

tachypnea

A

rapid breathing

69
Q

thoracalgia

A

pain in the chest region

70
Q

Combining Form: Atel/o

A

incomplete

71
Q

Combining Form: Carcin/o

A

cancer

72
Q

Combining Form: coccidioid/o

A

coccidiodes immitus, a fungus

73
Q

Combining Form: coni/o

A

dust

74
Q

Combining Form: cyst/o

A

bladder, sac

75
Q

Combining Form: embol/o

A

plug

76
Q

Combining Form: fibr/o

A

fiber

77
Q

Combining Form: glott/o

A

opening into the windpipe

78
Q

Combining Form: myc/o

A

fungus

79
Q

Combining Form: sphyx/o

A

pulse

80
Q

Combining Form: sten/o

A

narrow

81
Q

Combining Form: pharyng/o

A

throat, pharynx

82
Q

Combining Form: Tonsill/o

A

almond, tonsill

83
Q

Combining Form: trache/o

A

windpipe, trachea

84
Q

Combining Form: tubercul/o

A

little swellling

85
Q

Suffix: -al, -ary, -ic

A

pertaining to

86
Q

Suffix: -ectasis

A

expansion, dilation

87
Q

Suffix: -genic

A

pertaining to producing, forming

88
Q

Suffix: -osis, -ia

A

condition of

89
Q

Suffix: -itis

A

inflammation of

90
Q

Suffix: -oma

A

tumor

91
Q

asphyxia

A
  • absence of respiratory ventilation or suffocation

- literally means condition of without pulse

92
Q

asthma

A
  • condition of the lungs that is characterized by a wide spread narrowing of the bronchioles and formation of mucous plugs
  • derived from the greek word: “astma” meaning to pant
  • symptoms: wheezing, shortness of breath, chest pain, and frequent coughing
  • American Academy of Allergy: 20 million suffer, 9 million are age 18 and younger
93
Q

atelectasis

A
  • trauma or disease causes the alveoli to collapse, preventing air from entering the lungs
  • when most/all alveoli collapse, it is known as a collapsed lung
94
Q

bronchiectasis

A

cause by a recurrent inflammation or infection of the airways and is usually accompanied with an purulent sputum

  • if present at birth, called congenital bronchiectasis
  • developed later in life: acquired bronchiectasis
95
Q

bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi ( large tubes that branch into smaller tubes in the lungs called bronchioles)

96
Q

bronchiolitis

A

smaller tubes in the lungs, bronchioled undergo inflammation

97
Q

Acute Bronchitis

A

associated with a repiratory tract infection

98
Q

Chronic Bronchitis

A

caused by smoking, but van be triggered by allergies

99
Q

bronchogenic carcinoma

A

agressive form of cancer arising from cells within the bronchi
- more people die from lung cancer each year than from breast cancer, colon, and pancreativ cancer combined
- two types: (SCLC) small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) non small cell lung cancer

100
Q

bronchopneumonia

A

acute inflammatory disease involving the bronchioles and the alveoli, caused by a bacterial infection that inolves the bronchi and the soft tissue of the lungs, causing the alveoli to fill with a liquid and leading to the loss of air space
- often occurs in the lobe of a lung, lending it the alternate name of lobar pneumonia

101
Q

chronic obstructive pulonary disease (COPD)

A

reduced air flow to and from the alveoli in the lungs, as a result of bronchitis or emphysema

102
Q

coccidioidomycosis

A
  • fungal infection of the upper respiratory tract which often spread the the lungs and other organs
  • based on the name of the causative fungus, coccidioides immitis
  • called valley fever
103
Q

coryza

A
  • common cold caused by a virus that ifects the upper respiratory tract, resulting in local inflammation
  • derived from greek word: koryza meaning runny nose
  • aka rhinitis
104
Q

croup

A
  • viral infectious disease that is relatively common among infants and young children and produces a hoarse cough, results fromthe swelling of a larynx in response to a viral infection
  • clinical term: laryngotracheobronchitis
105
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • severe herditary disease that is caracterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract and elsewhere
  • literally means condition of fibrous cyst
106
Q

emphysema

A

characterized by symptoms: chronic cough, formation of a barrel chest due to labored breathing, and a gradual deterioration caused by hpozemia and hypercapnia

107
Q

epiglottitis

A

inflammation of the epiglottis caused by a bacterial infection that spreads from the throat to the epiglottis

108
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

109
Q

legionellosis

A

form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium, legionella pneumophila
- legionnaires’ disease

110
Q

nasopharyngitis

A

inflammation of the nose and pharynx nearby possibly caused by bacterial/viral infection or allergic reaction

111
Q

pertussis

A
  • whooping cough

- characterized by inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi

112
Q

pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx, sore throat

113
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid leaks into the pleural cavity as a response by the body to injury or infection of the pleural membranes

114
Q

pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleural membranes

115
Q

pleuropneumonia

A
  • inflammation of the pleural membranes and lungs

- pleurisy

116
Q

pneumoconiosis

A
  • inflammation of the lungs when caused by the chronic inhalation of fine particles
  • condition of dusty lungs
  • formation of fibrotic tissue around alveoli reducing their ability to stretch with incoming air, which impedes the efficiency of gas
  • common forms of pneumoconiosus: abestos (caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers) and silicosis ( inhalation of fine silicone dust
117
Q

pneumonia

A
  • inflammation of soft lung tissue that results in the formation of an exudate (fluid) within alveoli
  • caused by bacterial, viral or fungal pathogens that trigger the inflammatory response, but can also be caused by smoke inhalation
118
Q

pneumonitis

A
  • inflammatory condition of the lungs that is independent of a particular cause
  • associated often w pulmonary edema (accumulation of fluid within the lungs)
119
Q

pneumothorax

A

abnormal presence of air or a gas within the cavity, caused by a penetrating injury to the chest or severe coughing and leads to atelectasis

120
Q

pulmonary edema

A
  • accumulation of fluid within the lungs as a response to infection or injury
  • cause: cardiovascular disease, includes congestive heart failure
  • may arise from ARDS - Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
  • associated with pneumonia and pneumonitis
121
Q

edema

A

swelling

122
Q

pulmonary embolism

A

blockage in the pulmonary circulation by a blood clot (PE)

- complication to an injury or surgery elsewhere in the body

123
Q

embolus

A

blood clot that moves along the bloodstream

- derived from the greeek work “embolos” meaning plug

124
Q

pyothorax

A

the presence of pus in the pleural cavity

- aka empyema

125
Q

respiratory distress syndrome

A
  • severe respiratory disease characterized by rapid respiratory failure (RDS)
  • types: neonatal respiratory distress syndrome that affects newborns (NRDS), adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
  • caused by severe lung infections or injury that result in damage to lung capillary walls and bronchioles causing a rapid accumulation of purulent fluid into alveoli that places the patient in danger of drowning in their own fluids
  • involves pneumonia and pulmonary edema
126
Q

rhinitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the nasal cavity

127
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome

A
  • (SARS) severe onset viral infection resulting in repiratory distress that includes acute lung inflammation, alveolar damage and atelectasis
  • caused by a virus that can become fatal dut to the agressive immunological response that injures alveoli and bronchioles
128
Q

sinusitus

A

inflammation of the mucous membranes, affects the nasal cavity and also the paranasal sinuses that are located within the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones of the skull

129
Q

tracheitis

A

inflammation of the trachea

- caused by bacterial infection down the larynx

130
Q

tracheostenosis

A

inflammation leading to a narrowing of the trachea

131
Q

tuberculosis

A

infection of the lungs by the bacterium, mycobacterium tuberculosis causes the disease (TB)
- prevents WBCs from entering and destroying the bacteria, the bacterial colonies multiply throughout the lung until necrosis and inflammatioin

132
Q

upper respiratory infection

A

generalized infection of the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx) is called a URI

133
Q

Prefix: Endo-

A

within

134
Q

Prefix: anti-

A

against, opposite of

135
Q

Prefix: a-

A

without, absence of

136
Q

Prefix: epi-

A

upon, over above, on top of

137
Q

Combining Form: aden/o

A

gland

138
Q

angi/o

A

blood vessel

139
Q

bronch/o

A

bronchus, airway

140
Q

dilat/o

A

to widen

141
Q

lob/o

A

rounded ear part, lobe

142
Q

ot/o

A

ear

143
Q

ox/i

A

oxygen

144
Q

spir/o

A

breathe

145
Q

trache/o

A

windpipe, trachea

146
Q

acid-fast bacilli smear

A

clinical test performed on sputum to ID the presence of bacteria that react to acid
- frequently used w chest x rays to confirm a diagnosis of tuberculosis

147
Q

adenoidectomy

A

surgical removal of a chronically inflamed adenoid to avoid complications and obstruction of tha nasopharynx

148
Q

adenoid

A

pharyngeal tonsil

- means remsembling a gland

149
Q

histamine

A

compound released by cells in response to allergens,cause bronchial constriction and blood vessel dilation, increases the movement of plasma out of the capillaries and into the interstitial space which results in the swelling of tissues
- therapeutic drug that inhibits the effects of a histamine: antihistamine

150
Q

arterial blood gases

A

clinical test on arterial blood to ID the levels of O2 and CO2 (ABGs)

151
Q

aspiration

A

removal of air, fluid, or foreign bodies with suction

  • derived from latin word: aspiratus meaning to breathe on
  • common procedure for clearing the airway of obstructions
152
Q

ascultation

A

procedure that involves listening to sounds within the body as part of a physical examination with aid of a stethoscope

  • derived from the latin word “ausculto” meaning to listen to
  • listens to inhalation, and exhalation
  • abnormal sounds: wheezing –> asthma, rales –> pulmonary edema or atelectasis, gurgles –> sign of pneumonia
153
Q

bronchodilation

A

procedure that uses a bronchodilating agent to relax the smooth muscles of airways in an effort to stop bronchial constriction, allowing the patient to breathe easier

154
Q

bronchography

A

x ray imaging of the bronchi

- produces an xray image called a bronchogram and uses a contrast medium to highlight the bronchial tree

155
Q

bronchoscopy

A

evaluation of the bronchi using a flexible fiber optic tube mounted with a small lens at one end and attatched to an eyepiece and computer monitor at the other end

156
Q

bronchoscope

A

inserted through the nose to observe the trachea and bronchi

- modified endoscop

157
Q

chest CT scan

A

diagnostic imaging of the chest by a computed tomography instrument (CT)
- used to diagnose respiratory tumors, pleural effusion, pleuritis, and other diseases by providing 3D images of the thoracic cavity

158
Q

chest X-ray

A

x-ray image of the thoracic cavity that is used to diagnose tuberculosis, tumors and other conditions of the lungs
- abbreviated CXR, aka chest radiograph

159
Q

CPAP

A

device commonly used to regulate breathing during sleep as a treatment for sleep apnea (continuous positive airway pressure)
- incudes a mask that fits over the mouth and nose and gently blows air to encourage rhythmic breathing

160
Q

ears, nose and throat specialist (ENT)

A

physician specializing in the treatment of upper respiratory tract disease
- aka otonasolaryngologist, otorhinolaryngologist

161
Q

endotracheal intubation

A

insertion of a noncolllapsibel breathing tube into the trachea through the nose or mouth, performed to open the airway/keep it open

162
Q

endotracheal

A

pertaining to within the trachea

163
Q

expectorant

A

a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes the coughing reflex to expel the mucus
- latin word: expectorant meaning spit out of the chest

164
Q

incentive spirometry

A

valuable postoperatinve breathing therapy, reduces pulmonary complications and helps to correct atelectasis

165
Q

spirometer

A

promotes deeper breathing to improve lung expansion after an operation

HTH 210 - Medical Termnology (11 decks)

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