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Physiological Psychology > Chapter Eight > Flashcards

Chapter Eight Flashcards

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1
Q

Electromyogram

A

EMG; records muscle tone

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2
Q

Electro-oculogram

A

EOG; eye movement

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3
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

EEG; electrical activity of brain

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4
Q

How many sleep cycles do you go through in a typical night of sleep?

A

about five

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5
Q

How long does it take to get through one cycle of sleep?

A

about an hour and a half

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6
Q

Stage One of sleep

A

10 minutes; theta waves; easily woken up

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7
Q

Stage Two of sleep

A

K complex; sleep spindles

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8
Q

What are sleep spindles?

A

thought to be a by product of brain that becomes active during stage two of sleep; filters out distractions/noises that wake you up

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9
Q

Stage 3/4 of sleep

A

delta waves; stage four is deepest; “slow wave sleep”; most early in the night

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10
Q

which stages does Non-REM take place?

A

stages 1-4

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11
Q

Does REM get longer with each entry into REM?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What increases during REM?

A

eye movement; the 6 eye muscles are the only muscles that move during REM

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13
Q

What happens to muscle tone during REM?

A

It is lost

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14
Q

What happens to cerebral blood flow during REM?

A

it increases

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15
Q

How much dreaming occurs during REM?

A

about 85% (15% nREM)

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16
Q

Refractory period of REM

A

once awakened, cannot reenter REM for 90 mins; suggests an internal clock regulates this process

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17
Q

Restorative reason for sleep

A

we need sleep to restore us mind and body; mentally and physically

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18
Q

Cognitive reason for sleep

A

we need to sleep in order to form memories; brain needs to be removed from constant stimuli

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19
Q

Evolutionary reason for sleep

A

all humans do this so it must be important. seen as adaptation to benefit survival

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20
Q

Fatal Familial Insomnia

A

genetic; damage to regions in or near the thalamus

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of fatal familial insomnia?

A

insomnia, confusion, loss of autonomic NS

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22
Q

What is the life expectancy for fatal familial insomnia?

A

12 mos. after diagnosis; usually diagnosed in adulthood- mid thirties to forties

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23
Q

What happens to lab animals with lack of sleep?

A

They will die; prior to death they develop other problems

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24
Q

Complete sleep deprivation

A

miss one whole night of sleep

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25
Partial sleep deprivation
person sleeps every night but not as much as they should or need
26
REM deprivation
allow a person to sleep except during REM
27
Slow wave sleep
allows brain to rest
28
REM rebound effect
will enter REM more quickly with deprivation; get more REM when deprivation stops
29
Deprived animal
will lose up to 90% of sleep
30
"Yoked" control animal
will lose about 30% of sleep; stays healthy
31
Relationship between exercise and sleep
no clear relationship between the two; working certain brain areas "hard" may result in more slow wave sleep in those areas
32
Function of REM sleep
critical for brain development; used to consolidate memories; used for learning- if taught task and REM deprived--> learning is slower
33
How much time do newborns spend in REM?
disproportionate to adults; 50%
34
Do developed species spend more or less time in REM?
more
35
Chemical control of sleep
chemicals are involved in sleep, as certain drugs cause drowsiness while others cause sleeplessness; has to be more than chemicals since dolphins can sleep one brain half a time
36
noradrenergic
in the locus coeruleus (deep in brain stem) when awake they fire, when asleep they stop
37
acetylcholinergic
in pons which produce cortical activity; agonists increase cortical activity, antagonists decrease it
38
serotinergoc
in raphe nucleus- fire rapidly when awake, and less rates of firing when asleep
39
histaminergic
in hypothalamus that increase cortical arousal; antagonists increase drowsiness. Benedryl an anti-histamine causes drowsiness
40
Ventrolateral preoptic area (VPL)
found in the forebrain, rostral to hypothalamus ; increase in firing due to slow wave sleep
41
What happens to rats with a lesion in their VPL?
it produces insomnia and later death within three days
42
Where are the inhibitory GABA connections to in the VPL?
raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and mammillary nucleus
43
What is REM controlled by?
the pons
44
What is REM sleep preceded by?
PGO waves (pons, geniculate, and occipital) brief pulses of activity
45
What is the only way PGO waves can be observed?
by putting electrodes into the brain
46
What do the PGO waves have to do with our dreams?
likely why our dreams are so visual in nature
47
What is the executive mechanism
Acetylcholine
48
What do antagonists do to intervals between REM bouts?
lengthen them (90 mins)
49
What do agonists do to intervals between REM bouts?
shorten them
50
Do levels of Ach increase or decrease during REM?
increase
51
Where are the Ach neurons found?
peribrachial area
52
What do lesions in the peribrachial area do?
reduce REM sleep
53
REM "flip flop"
neurons in regions are either ON/OFF and both cannot be active at the same time; switches occur very fast which explains why narcolepsy symptoms occur quickly
54
Insomnia
affects 25% occasionally and 10% chronically; symptoms resemble depression;
55
Why are meds prescribed not best option for those with insomnia?
tolerance and rebound effect
56
Sleep apnea
disturbance of breathing while asleep; may occur hundreds of times per evening
57
Narcolepsy
directly fall into REM sleep..will sleep for 2-5 minutes; stimulant meds and frequent napping
58
Cataplexy
awake, but complete loss of muscle tone; triggered by excitement; a couple minutes like narcolepsy and then back to normal
59
Sleep paralysis
a symptom of narcolepsy- paralysis creeps into waking
60
hypnagogic hallucinations
another symptom of narcolepsy-dream like states invade waking
61
REM without atonia
loss of muscle tone does not occur during REM-flip flop does not occur; physically and behaviorally act out dreams
62
What do meds used to treat cataplexy do to those with REM without atonia?
make them worse
63
REM sleep disorders
narcolepsy, cataplexy, REM without atonia, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations
64
Biological clocks
predictable changes in physiological function occur in different time intervals (rhythms)
65
Zeitgebers
time giver; synchronize circadian (daily) rhythms
66
What is zeitgeber for regulating sleep?
natural light
67
Where is the sprachiasmatic nucleus found?
found in the hypothalamus
68
What happens when suprachiasmatic nucleus is lesioned?
many rhythms are disrupted: sleep, wheel running, hormone secretions rats with this lesion do not show normal sleeping patterns- they sleep sporadically but get the same amount
69
Where do the projections from the SCN come from?
the retina
70
What happens when you transplant a SCN?
restoration of the disrupted rhythms
71
Silver et al. research
transplanted SCN tissue in a semi permeable capsule and it restored the rhythms
72
Does SCN lesions disrupt breeding cycles?
Yes, which are activated with "day length" in spring
73
What do SCN lesioned males do differently?
secrete testosterone year round, as opposed to "peaks" during breeding season
74
Is the pineal gland important to the SCN?
yes, it receives input from the SCN. melatonin is secreted by pineal, which changes as seasons change (and light exposure changes)

Physiological Psychology (11 decks)

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